World History Mid-Term Study Guide

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44 Terms

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Renaissance

"rebirth"; a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome

<p>"rebirth"; a movement that centered on the revival of interest in the classical learning of Greece and Rome</p>
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Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

<p>A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.</p>
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Indulgences

Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. The practice led to the Reformation.

<p>Selling of forgiveness by the Catholic Church. The practice led to the Reformation.</p>
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Counter Reformation

Catholic Church's attempt to stop the protestant movement and to strengthen the Catholic Church

<p>Catholic Church's attempt to stop the protestant movement and to strengthen the Catholic Church</p>
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Martin Luther

German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. He wrote 95 theses.

<p>German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church. He wrote 95 theses.</p>
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John Calvin

religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society. Created the Calvinist (protestant) church.

<p>religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society. Created the Calvinist (protestant) church.</p>
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Divine Right

Belief that a monarchs/ rulers authority comes directly from god.

<p>Belief that a monarchs/ rulers authority comes directly from god.</p>
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Absolute Monarchy

A government in which the king or queen has absolute power

<p>A government in which the king or queen has absolute power</p>
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Restoration

the re-establishment (bringing back/ restoring) of the British monarchy

<p>the re-establishment (bringing back/ restoring) of the British monarchy</p>
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Constitutional Monarchy

A system of governing in which the monarch's power is limited by law or parliament

<p>A system of governing in which the monarch's power is limited by law or parliament</p>
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Czar

A Russian emperor/ king

<p>A Russian emperor/ king</p>
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Philip II (2)

King of Spain who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England.

<p>King of Spain who helped lead the Counter Reformation by persecuting Protestants in his holdings. Also sent the Spanish Armada against England.</p>
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Louis XIV (14)

Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. He built the palace at Versailles.

<p>Known as the Sun King, he was an absolute monarch that completely controlled France. He built the palace at Versailles.</p>
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Charles I (1)

son of James I who was King of England and Scotland and Ireland

<p>son of James I who was King of England and Scotland and Ireland</p>
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Peter the Great

Czar of Russia that Westernized Russia and built up a massive Russian army.

<p>Czar of Russia that Westernized Russia and built up a massive Russian army.</p>
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Catherine the Great

Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire

<p>Empress of Russia who greatly increased the territory of the empire</p>
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Scientific Revolution

The series of events that led to the birth of modern science

<p>The series of events that led to the birth of modern science</p>
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Geocentric Theory

Earth is the center of the Universe and planets revolve around Earth

<p>Earth is the center of the Universe and planets revolve around Earth</p>
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Heliocentric Theory

Sun is the center of the universe and planets revolve around Sun

<p>Sun is the center of the universe and planets revolve around Sun</p>
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Enlightenment

a movement that emphasized science and reason as guides to help see the world more clearly

<p>a movement that emphasized science and reason as guides to help see the world more clearly</p>
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Social Contract

An agreement between the people and their government that their consent to be governed

<p>An agreement between the people and their government that their consent to be governed</p>
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American Revolution

the revolution of the American colonies against Great Britain

<p>the revolution of the American colonies against Great Britain</p>
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Galileo Galilei

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars

<p>Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars</p>
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Nicholas Copernicus

Created the Heliocentric model of the Universe

<p>Created the Heliocentric model of the Universe</p>
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John Locke

English philosopher who argued that people have natural rights and the government protects/ locks those rights

<p>English philosopher who argued that people have natural rights and the government protects/ locks those rights</p>
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Rousseau

believed people were basically good but that they were corrupted by the evils of society, especially the uneven distribution of property

<p>believed people were basically good but that they were corrupted by the evils of society, especially the uneven distribution of property</p>
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Montesquieu

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of powers

<p>French political philosopher who advocated the separation of powers</p>
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George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution

<p>1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution</p>
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Old Order

the political and social system in place in France before the Revolution (3 estates and the king)

<p>the political and social system in place in France before the Revolution (3 estates and the king)</p>
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National Convention

revolutionary government that abolished France's monarchy, declared the First Republic, and ruled during the Reign of Terror

<p>revolutionary government that abolished France's monarchy, declared the First Republic, and ruled during the Reign of Terror</p>
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Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen

French Revolution document that outlined what the National Assembly considered to be the natural rights of all people and the rights that they possessed as citizens

<p>French Revolution document that outlined what the National Assembly considered to be the natural rights of all people and the rights that they possessed as citizens</p>
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Reign of Terror

a violent phase of the French Revolution where the government, led by Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety, executed thousands of "enemies to the revolution" using the guillotine

<p>a violent phase of the French Revolution where the government, led by Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety, executed thousands of "enemies to the revolution" using the guillotine</p>
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Congress of Vienna

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon

<p>Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order after the defeat of Napoleon</p>
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Louis XVI

King of France during the French Revolution and he and his wife (Marie Antionette) were executed

<p>King of France during the French Revolution and he and his wife (Marie Antionette) were executed</p>
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Maximillian Robespierre

Radical leader of the French Revolution and led the Committee of Public Safety and the Reign of Terror

<p>Radical leader of the French Revolution and led the Committee of Public Safety and the Reign of Terror</p>
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Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804

<p>Overthrew the French revolutionary government (The Directory) in 1799 and became emperor of France in 1804</p>
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Prince Klemens von Metternich

Led Europe's big meeting (Congress of Vienna) to put kings back in charge, stop new revolutions, and keep peace

<p>Led Europe's big meeting (Congress of Vienna) to put kings back in charge, stop new revolutions, and keep peace</p>
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Industrial Revolution

A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods

<p>A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods</p>
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Factors of Production

land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship

<p>land, labor, capital, entrepreneurship</p>
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Cottage Industry

Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution

<p>Manufacturing based in homes rather than in a factory, commonly found before the Industrial Revolution</p>
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Labor Union

An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members

<p>An organization of workers that tries to improve working conditions, wages, and benefits for its members</p>
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Strike

to refuse to work in order to force an employer to meet certain demands

<p>to refuse to work in order to force an employer to meet certain demands</p>
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Robert Owen

a Utopian who set up a model community at his cotton mill in Scotland

<p>a Utopian who set up a model community at his cotton mill in Scotland</p>
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Karl Marx

Father of Communism

<p>Father of Communism</p>