Biology- 9th grade

Enzymes are?

catalytic proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering activation energy through helping to either break down or build molecules

what is activation energy?

amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction

when an enzyme has a specific shape it is…

the active site that will only allow a specific substrate to bind

molecules made in the chemical reaction are called?

products

products( of enzymes) usually end in..

a s e (Amylase, lactase)

enzyme will only work in…

a specific pH and temperatures ranges because they will denature (change shape)

denature

change shape

increasing substrate concentration…

increases the rate of reaction

the rate of reaction will remain the same once..

it reaches a certain concentration

enzyme activity will be the highest at…

an enzymes optimum pH

a pH too high or too low will…

cause the enzyme to denature or stop working

if the temperature is too high

the enzyme denatures (changes shape) and the enzyme activity stops

the enzyme activity is the highest at

the optimum temperature

enzyme

a protein that controls the rate of reactions

catalyze

adding a catalyst to cause a reaction to happen (breaking the toothpick)

substrate

the substance the enzyme is working on (toothpicks)

active site

where a chemical reaction takes place (bind and undergo a chemical reaction)

enzymes have a specifically shaped area called…

an active site where it binds with items called substrates, the bindings are very specific and made for that substrate

induced fit

the active site changes shape to perfectly fit the substrate, either building it up or breaking it down

the item resulted from an induced fit is called

a product

lactate is an

enzyme!

lactase breaks down

lactose into smaller parts so our bodies can digest it

people who don’t produce enough lactpse

dont have enough lactase

enzymes are called a catalyst because

they can be used over and over in the reaction (making things happen)

lipase

enzyme that breaks down lipids

enzyme sidekicks

cofactors + coenzymes

enzyme sidekicks may

bind to the substrate or the active site to help the enzyme break down or build up substrates into products

enzymes have

optimum pH levels and temperatures

substrate concentration means

the relative amount of substrate present in a solution

can an enzyme be used more than once?

yes

hydrolysis reaction?

the breakdown of a molecule into a polymer into monomers

dehydration synthesis

a type of reaction that involves building large molecules called polymers by joining together monomers

uses of enzymes

digestion, metabolism, respiration, eliminating toxins

can enzymes in denatured due to pH be brought back (yes or no)

Yes

monomer of proteins

amino acid

which has the enzyme catalyzing the reaction

the smaller one because enzymes LOWER activation energy because they make it go faster

optimum temperature for the human body

37 degrees

competitive inhibitor

prevents the enzyme from binding to the substrate by binding to the ACTIVE SITE

non competitive

attach to other parts of the enzyme NOT the active site to change their shape

activation energy is

the amount of energy needed to start a reaction

increasing enzyme concentration increases the rate of reactions because…

the substrate will have more enzymes to bond with

chewing or the stomach breaking down food is

mechanical digestion

does mechanical and chemical digestion take place in the stomach

yes

the small green structure in the liver is

the gallbladder

what helps food move down the GI track via smooth muscle contraction

peristalsis

carbohydrates are broken down into ___ and their main function is ___

monosaccharides, provide living things with energy

alimentary canal consist of

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

vital to brain structure and regulated by insulin and glucagon

glucose

NOT a function of a protein

provide long term storage

due to evolutionary needs it is much easier to gain than lose weight

true

villi in the small intestine is responsible for

absorption

the pancreas produces

enzymes

the large organ above the stomach

liver

six nutrients digestion breaks down

water, protein, carbs, lipids, minerals, vitamins

most of the excess water in food is absorbed in the ___ before undigested byproduct is packaged as waste

large intestine

mechanical digestion

chewing, squeezing, grinding, large pieces of food broken down into smaller pieces that can be processed

chemical digestion

various enzymes and other chemicals break down food into smaller and smaller molecules

mouth incluedes

teeth (mechanical digestion) saliva (moisten food and contains amylase an enzyme that breaks down food) tongue (forms bolus, a ball of food that can be swallowed

esophagus

food from mouth passes throat the pharynx to esophagus, food moves through the esophagus by muscle contractions called peristalsis

stomach

the muscular walls of the stomach churn food, stomach acids begin to break down the food and the pepsin enzyme begins to breakdown, proteins, the food is qualified into chyme

small intestine

receives enzymes from the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder to further breakdown fats, proteins and carbohydrates, it is highly folded and contains villi for nutrients to be absorbed into the bloodstream

large intestine

water is absorbed into the blood, bacteria breaks down fiber and help with absorbing vitamins, waste is compacted into feces pushed out the rectum

pancreas

digestive functions include: pancreatic juice is secreted into small intestine, contains sodium bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid, contains various enzymes to break down macro nutrients

liver

• Produces bile and sends it to the gallbladder and small intestine.

• Bile is a fluid that breaks apart the fats found in fatty foods- mechanical digestion

• enzymes can then break down the fats into individual molecules - chemical digestion

gallbladder

• Stores, modifies and concentrates bile from the liver

• Releases bile to the small intestine after meals

chewing or the stomach breaking down food is

mechanical digestion

does mechanical and chemical digestion take place in the stomach

yes

the small green structure in the liver is

the gallbladder

what helps food move down the GI track via smooth muscle contraction

peristalsis

carbohydrates are broken down into ___ and their main function is ___

monosaccharides, provide living things with energy

alimentary canal consist of

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus

vital to brain structure and regulated by insulin and glucagon

glucose

NOT a function of a protein

provide long term storage

due to evolutionary needs it is much easier to gain than lose weight

true

villi in the small intestine is responsible for

absorption

the pancreas produces

enzymes

the large organ above the stomach

liver

six nutrients digestion breaks down

water, protein, carbs, lipids, minerals, vitamins

most of the excess water in food is absorbed in the ___ before undigested byproduct is packaged as waste

large intestine

mechanical digestion

chewing, squeezing, grinding, large pieces of food broken down into smaller pieces that can be processed

chemical digestion

various enzymes and other chemicals break down food into smaller and smaller molecules

mouth incluedes

teeth (mechanical digestion) saliva (moisten food and contains amylase an enzyme that breaks down food) tongue (forms bolus, a ball of food that can be swallowed

esophagus

food from mouth passes throat the pharynx to esophagus, food moves through the esophagus by muscle contractions called peristalsis

stomach

the muscular walls of the stomach churn food, stomach acids begin to break down the food and the pepsin enzyme begins to breakdown, proteins, the food is qualified into chyme

small intestine

receives enzymes from the pancreas, liver, and gallbladder to further breakdown fats, proteins and carbohydrates, it is highly folded and contains villi for nutrients to be absorbed into the bloodstream

large intestine

water is absorbed into the blood, bacteria breaks down fiber and help with absorbing vitamins, waste is compacted into feces pushed out the rectum

pancreas

digestive functions include: pancreatic juice is secreted into small intestine, contains sodium bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid, contains various enzymes to break down macro nutrients

liver

• Produces bile and sends it to the gallbladder and small intestine.

• Bile is a fluid that breaks apart the fats found in fatty foods- mechanical digestion

• enzymes can then break down the fats into individual molecules - chemical digestion

gallbladder

• Stores, modifies and concentrates bile from the liver

• Releases bile to the small intestine after meals

Enzymes are?

catalytic proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering activation energy through helping to either break down or build molecules

what is activation energy?

amount of energy needed to start a chemical reaction

when an enzyme has a specific shape it is…

the active site that will only allow a specific substrate to bind

molecules made in the chemical reaction are called?

products

products( of enzymes) usually end in..

a s e (Amylase, lactase)

enzyme will only work in…

a specific pH and temperatures ranges because they will denature (change shape)

denature

change shape

increasing substrate concentration…

increases the rate of reaction

the rate of reaction will remain the same once..

it reaches a certain concentration

enzyme activity will be the highest at…

an enzymes optimum pH

a pH too high or too low will…

cause the enzyme to denature or stop working