AP Bio Unit 5

Binary Fission

prokaryotic cell division, asexual reproduction, creates two genetically identical cells

SRY Gene

sex-determining region of Y (Female = XX and Male = XY)

Prophase 1

In meiosis, nuclear envelope disappears, homologous(one from mom one from dad) chromosomes form tetrads, crossing over

Genetic Diversity

Comes from crossing over (P1), independent assortment (M1), and random sperm and egg cells combining

Metaphase 1

homologous chromosomes on equatorial plates, spindle fibers connect, independent assortment.

Nondisjunction

chromosomes don’t separate properly during meiosis, daughter cells have wrong number of chromosomes, homologous pairs don’t separate properly during M1, most of the time causes miscarriage, turners syndrome, down syndrome

Incomplete Dominace

non-Mendelian genetics, blend (ex. red + white = pink)

Codominace

non-Mendelian genetics, in ‘co’ both show, speckled

Epistasis

The interaction between two or more genes to control a single phenotype

Maternal Inheritance

mitochondrial, comes w/ egg cell, passes trait to all offspring

Anaphase 1

homologous chromosomes separate to opposite poles

Telophase 1

nuclear envelope forms around haploid cells

Prophase 2

chromatin condenses, sister chromatids align

Metaphase 2

sister chromatids align on metaphase plate

Anaphase 2

sister chromatids separate to poles

Telophase 2

nuclear envelope forms around haploid cells

Complete Dominance

dominent masks recessive

Monohybrid

hetero for one trait

3:1 (complete) and 1:2:1 (codominance/incomplete)

Dihybrid

hetero for two traits

9:3:3:1 (complete) or 6:3:3:2:1:1 (codominace/incomplete)

Autosomal

non-sex, equal amt of genders of kids get it

if its recessive it can skip generations

if its dominate, it would appear in every generatino

Linked Genes

on the same chromosome, inherit together, occur together

Chromosomal INhertinace

genetic variation (ex. crossing over, independent assortment)

Phenotypic Plasticity

environment affects gene expression

Independent Assortment

1:1:1:1, aka expected