THEORY OF ARCHITECTURE

Y2S2: PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS

MODERN

• relating to the present or recent times

• a person who advocates or practices a departure from traditional values

MODERNISM

• AESTHETIC PRACTICE OF MODERNITY

MODERNIST ARCHITECTURE

• REJECTING ORBNAMENT AND EMBRACING MINIMALISM (FUNCTIONALISM)

• NO ORNAMENTS

• USE OF NEW MATERIALS

• FUNCTION OVER STRUCTURE

OVERVIEW OF MODERNIST ARCHITECTURE

• Monarchy to Democracy

• designing new buildings for new users

CULTURAL TRANSFORMATIONS

• New societal needs = new buildings

• mass production

• rococo and baroque: symbolized excess and corruption (ornaments)

A RATIONAL ARCHITECTURE

• pure

• suited to fundamental human needs

• Primitive hut

MARC-ANTOINE LAUGIER

“primitive hut”

ENLIGHTENMENT RATIONALISM

• science

• Rene Descartes “geometrical forms and ideal proportions”

EDUCATION OF THE ARCHITECT

• HOA AND TOA

• Vitruvius’ “perfection” was being challenged

TERRITORIAL TRANSFORMATIONS

• new political states = volatile growth

• increase in population

• expansion

GEORGES EUGENE HAUSSMANN

• made paris beautiful

• “give it air and open space to connect and unify different parts of the city into a whole

STUCTURAL STEEL

replaced cast iron

• enabled the construction of skyscrapers

HANNEBIQUE

REINFORCED CONCRETE

ASPHALT AND BITUMEN

• PAVING AND ROOFING

ELISHA OTIS

ELEVATORS

EARLY 20TH ARCHITECTURE

• MACHINE IS THE INSPIRATION

• FUNCTION AND UTILITY

• POLITICAL AND INDUSTRIAL POWER

• INDUSTRIALISM

PETER BEHRENS

• WERKBUND

• AEG TURBINE FACTORY

• ELECTRICAL COMPANY

• JUGENSTIL (YOUTHFUL STYLE)

WALTER GROPIUS

• WERKBUND

• BAUHAUS

• “CLEAR AND ORGANIC (SYSTEMATIC)”

LUDWIG MEIS VAN DER ROHE

• “LESS IS MORE”

• WERKBUND

• AVANT GARDE

LE CORBUSIER

• LE ESPRIT N.

• VERNS UNE ARCHITECTURE

• “THE HOUSE IS A MACHINE”

CASS GILBERT

• CELEBRITY

• WOOLWORTH BUILDING -TALLEST BUILDING

• HISTORICAL TRADITIONS

AUGUSTE PERRET

• NATIONALIST ROMANTIC STYLE

• NOTRE DAME

• PARTHENON

LOUISE SULLIVAN

• FATHER OF MODERNISM

• “FORM FOLLOWS FUNCTION”

• MENTOR TO FLW

• ADLER

• FIREPROOF STEEL FRAME

ADOLF LOOS

• RAUMPLAN (SPATIAL PLAN)

• PROGRESS = ELIMINATION OF ORNAMENT

• “ORNAMENT IS A CRIME”

FRANK LLOYD WRITGHT

• FROEBEL GIFTS

• HARMONY BETWEEN HUMAN HABITATION AND THE NATURAL WORLD

• GUGGENHEIM MUSEUM

  • ORGANIC STYLE IN URBAN SETTING

  • LAST GIFT

ALVAR AALTO

• FINNISH ARCHITECT

• “BRANCHES OF THE TREE”

• BENT PLYWOOD FURNITURE

FILIPPO TOMMASO MARINETTI

FUTURISTIC ARCHITECTURE

LINGGOTO FACTORY

FIRST FUTURIST INVENTION IN ARCHITECTURE

• FIAT

ANTONIO SANT’ELIA

• ALMOST NO COMPLETED WORKS

• BOLD SKETCHES

• “ARCHITECTURE WILL BE OBSOLESCENCE AND TRANSCIENCE”

THE SQUADRA RIALZO BUILDING

• “THE GREATEST MASTERPIECE OF FUTURIST-CONSTRUCTIVIST”

CIAM

• ASSOCIATION OF ARCHITECTS WHO WANT TO ADVANCE MODERNISM

DOORN MANIFESTO

breakaway of team x from ciam

METABOLISM

• buildings are like living organism

• human society as a vital process

SHINCHINTAISHA

METABOLISM

KENZO TANGE

• le corbusier

• combined traditional japanese architecture and modernism

• first post-war architectural structure

KISHO KUROKAWA

• capsule tower

• founde the anaheim university

• Capsule House K

• Sony Tower

• Saitama Prefectural museum of Modern Art

KIYONORI KIKUTAKE

• Auguste Perret Prize

• Marine City

NEW BRUTALISM

• POST WAR ARCHITECTURE

• LACK OF RESOURCES

• PRACTICAL, AFFORDABLE, QUICK TO PRODUCE

• DULL AND MONOTONOUS

• LOW-COST

• PURITY AND HONESTY

HANS ASPLUND

NYBRUTALISM

REYNER BANHAM

1. memorability

2. Clear Exhibition

3. Valuation

POST MODERNISM

• departure from modernism

• general distrust of grand theories and ideologies

POSTMODERN ART

• text and language

• literary analysis

ROBERT VENTURI

• Incorporation of historical elements

• fragmentation

• “Loss is a bore”

DENISE SCOTT BROWN

• fff studios

• “Architecture should listen to the people”

THE GUILD HOUSE

• first post modernist works

LAS VEGAS

• non city

• strip

• ducks and sheds

MICHAEL GREAVES

• Princeton faculty

• Cubist inspired

• playful styled with saturated colors

• “architecture cannot divorce itself from drawing”

HANSELMAN HOUSE

• le corbusier inspired

TEAM DISNEY BUILDING

KENGO KUMA

M2 BUILDING

CHARLES MOORE

PIAZZA D’ITALIA

CRITICAL REGIONALISM

• architecture rooted in the modern tradition, but tied to geographical and cultural context

• seeks to mediate between the global and local languages

• fit seamlessly into their natural and cultural surroundings

KENNETH FRAMPTON

• architect and historian

• Architecture of Resistance

GLENN MURCUTT

• Australian Architect

• Studies backgrounds and climates = adaptability of his structures

• builds around climate and landscape

MINETTE DE SILVA

• 1st Sri Lankan Woman architect

• 1st Asian CIAM

• 1st Asian Woman RIBA

KARUNARATNE HOUSE

• De Silva’s first design and the first house to have been designed by a woman

THE KANDY ARTS CENTER

• natural amphitheater

• displayed her lack of technical knowledge

BALKRISHNA DOSHI

• INDIAN ARCHITECT

• INSTITUTE OF INDOLOGY

  • SPATIAL ORGANIZATION

  • MODERNIST PRINCIPLES WITH INDIAN DESIGN

• CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENT AND PLANNING TECHNOLOGY

  • POROUS

TRADITIONALISM

• BATTLE OF STYLES

CHARLES III

• PRINCE OF WALES

• SUPPORT FOR TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE

• CORBUNCLE SPEECH

CORBUNCLE SPEECH

• RIBA

• CHARLES III

• RETURN TO THOSE CURVES AND ARCHES THAT EXPRESS FEELING IN DESIGN

NEW URBANISM

SEASIDE USA

• CHARLES III “A VISION FOR BRITAIN”

• “WITH A MODERN, CLASSICAL LOOK”

ROBERT DAVIS

DEVELOPER OF SEASIDE, USA

STRUCTURALISM

• REACTION TO CIAM

• PRIMACY OF STRUCTURE

• ORIGINATED IN LINGUISTICS

• SOMEWHAT RELATED TO METABOLISM

ALDO VAN EYCK

DUTCH ARCHITECT

• TEAM X

• “THE AESTHETICS OF NUMBERS”

• “A HOUSE IS A SMALL CITY”

HERMAN HERTZBERGER

• DUTCH ARCHITECT

• TEAM X

• “LIFE CYCLES”

• “HOUSES ARE HALF'-BAKED”

• “HOUSES ARE AN INSTRUMENT”

PIET BLOM

• DUTCH ARCHITECT

• STARTED AS A CARPENTER AND ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNER

• “YOU CREATE A SOCIETY WITH ARCHITECTURE”

RICHARD ROGERS

"THE PRINCE DOES NOT LIKE ME”

MIXED USE + DIVERSITY

MIX OF SHOPS, OFFICES, APARTMENTS, AND HOMES WELCOMES PEOPLE OF ALL AGES, INCOME LEVELS, CULTURES, AND RACES

MIXED HOUSING

A WIDE RANGE OF HOUSING TUPES, SIZES AND PRICES

QUALITY ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN

BUILDINGS EMPHASIZE BEAUTY, AESTHETICS, AND COMFORT AND ESTABLISH A SENSE OF PLACE; PUBLIC SPACES FUNCTION AS CIVIC ART

SUSTAINABILITY

RESPECT FOR NATURAL SYSTEMS AND ECO-FRIENDLY TECHNOLOGIES LIKE ENERGY EFFICIENCY TO MINIMIZE EFFECTS ON THE ENVIRONMENT

QUALITY OF LIFE

THESE DEISNG PRINCIPLES PRODUCE A LIFE THAT IS WELL WORTH LVIING BY PROVIDING PLACES THAT ENRICH, UPLIFT, AND INSPIRE HUMAN SPIRIT

TRADITIONAL NEIGHBORHOOD STRUCTURE

WALKABLE AND MIXED-USE

INCREASE DENSITY

BUILDINGS, RESIDENCES, SHOPS, AND SERVICES ARE CLOSE TOGETHER TO MAKE WALKING MORE CONVENIENT

SMART TRANSPORTATION

HIGH QUALITY PUBLIC TRANSIT AND PEDESTRIAN-FRIENDLY DESIGN

WALKABILITY

WITHIN A 10 MIN WALK

CONNECTIVITY

AN INTERCONNECTED STREET GRID DISPERSES TRAFFIC AND ENCOURAGES WALKING

DAIGOON HOUSING

• “allows everyone to be themselves as much as possible”

• an experimental family home

• Herman Hertzberger

AMSTERDAM ORPHANAGE

• focused on a balance of forces to create both a home and a small city

• Aldo Van Eyck

PRACTICAL APPROACH

Traditionalist strategy - most used appraoch

• problem solving, using the most practical materials

EXPERIEMENTAL APPROACH

• extremely immersive approach - takes into account the end-user’s experience

• Goal: creating a fully immersive experience

INTEGRATED DESIGN APPROACH

• brings together a wider range of experts to contribute to the project as a team

SUSTAINABLE APPROACH

• achieve a green + eco-friendly building, you need to incorporate sustainable design from the very beginning

PILOTIS

a grid of slim reinforced concrete pylons that assume the structural weight of a building. this frees the ground floor circulation

OPEN PLAN

the absence of load-bearing partition walls affords greater lexibility in the deisng and use of living spaces; the house is unrestrained in its internal use

FREE DESIGN OF THE FACADE

the separated exterior of the building is free from conventional structural restrictions, allowing the facade to be unrestrained, lighter, and more open

HORIZONTAL RIBBON WINDOWS

these light rooms equally, increase a sense of space and seclusion

ROOF GARDEN

flat roofs with garden terraces serve both harmonic and domestic utility