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Laminopathies
Disorders linked to mutations in lamin proteins affecting nuclear organization and gene expression
Heterochromatin
Condensed, silenced regions of chromosomes attaching to lamins
Differential Gene Expression
Process where cells express specific genes based on specialization
Housekeeping Genes
Genes expressed in all cells for basic cellular functions
Tissue-Specific Genes
Genes expressed in specific tissues for specialized functions
Cell Differentiation
Process where cells become specialized in form and function
Control Elements
Noncoding DNA segments regulating gene transcription by binding proteins
Proximal Elements
DNA sequences close to the promoter essential for transcription initiation
Distal Elements
DNA sequences far from the promoter enhancing transcription activity
Enhancers
DNA sequences enhancing transcription activity at the promoter
General Transcription Factors
Proteins essential for transcribing all protein-coding genes
Transcriptional Activators
Proteins binding to enhancers to stimulate gene transcription
Pre-initiation Complex
Assembly of proteins at the promoter to initiate transcription
Histone Acetylases
Enzymes adding acetyl groups to histone proteins to affect transcription
Chromatin Remodeling
Process altering chromatin structure to regulate gene expression
Post-transcriptional Regulation
Regulatory mechanisms acting after transcription to fine-tune gene expression
Alternative Splicing
Process generating multiple proteins from a single gene by selecting different exons
mRNA Degradation
Breakdown of mRNA by nucleases, affecting protein synthesis
mRNA Stability
Enhanced by 5' cap and 3' poly A tail, preventing degradation
Translation Initiation
Process of starting protein synthesis, influenced by RNA folding
Proteasomes
Giant protein complexes degrading unwanted proteins in cells
Ubiquitin Tagging
Addition of ubiquitin to mark proteins for proteasomal degradation
Noncoding RNAs
Regulate gene expression by blocking translation or promoting degradation
MicroRNAs (miRNAs)
Small RNAs binding mRNA to degrade or block translation
Chromatin Condensation
Induced by ncRNAs, affecting gene expression and methylation patterns
Embryonic Development
Regulated gene expression leading to cell specialization and morphogenesis
Morphogenesis
Physical processes shaping an organism
Cytoplasmic determinants
Maternal substances influencing early development
Inductive signals
Signals causing transcriptional changes in nearby cells
Coordinately controlled genes
Genes with shared control elements for coordinated expression
Sequential regulation of gene expression
Orderly control of gene activity during cellular differentiation
Determination
Committing a cell to its final fate
Differentiation
Production of tissue-specific proteins in cell development
Myoblasts
Cells producing muscle-specific proteins
MyoD
Master regulatory gene for skeletal muscle development
Transcription factor
Protein binding to DNA to regulate gene expression
Pattern formation
Development of spatial organization of tissues and organs
Positional information
Molecular cues guiding cell location in body axes
Major axes
Anatomical reference points (A/P, D/V, L/R) in body formation
Homeotic genes
Genes encoding transcription factors for embryonic development
Homeobox
DNA sequence encoding a homeodomain in transcription factors
Homeodomain
DNA binding domain in transcription factors
Evolutionary developmental biology
Study of evolution's impact on multicellular organism development
Conservation of homeotic genes
Similarity in gene sequences across different species
Maternal effect genes
Genes encoding cytoplasmic determinants for axis establishment
Bicoid gene
Maternal effect gene controlling the anterior of Drosophila
Morphogen
Molecule gradient establishing embryo axes and polarity
Embryonic lethal
Mutation causing embryonic death
Ras
Gene involved in cell signaling pathways
Operon
Genes with a promoter and control elements for coordinated expression
