Beowulf Lecture Notes

What century was the old English poem Beowulf written in?

8th or 9th century, possibly late 7th to early 9th century.

What is a key theme related to relationships between rulers and warriors in Beowulf?

Loyalty.

What significant historical events are referred to in Beowulf?

Events take place in the early 6th century.

What is the sole surviving manuscript of Beowulf known as?

British Library Cotton Vitellius A.15.

Who may have been based on historical figures in Beowulf?

King Hrothgar and his nephew, Hrothulf.

What philosophical area does the text Beowulf contribute to?

The study of language in oral and written historical sources.

What are the two opposing views in the rules of succession in Beowulf?

Older Germanic assumptions versus newer Christian ideals.

What does the character Beowulf represent throughout the poem?

The epitome of a hero.

What significant monster does Beowulf fight in Denmark?

Grendel.

How does Beowulf ultimately die?

In a battle with a dragon.

What is the relationship between Aeschere and Hrothgar?

Aeschere is Hrothgar's counselor and friend.

What does Grendel's mother represent in the poem?

Avenger of her son, Grendel.

What gains Beowulf acclaim and treasure in Denmark?

His victory over Grendel.

What role does loyalty play among the Danes?

It is a key cultural value and part of kinship bonds.

What does the dragon symbolize in Beowulf?

Death.

What is an important aspect of the heroic code?

Maintaining a good reputation.

Who is Beowulf's mentor figure in the story?

Hygelac.

Which character is characterized as Hrothgar's orator?

Unferth.

What is Beowulf's response to Unferth's jealousy about the swimming match?

He explains that he was fighting sea monsters at the time.

What significant action does Beowulf take before facing Grendel?

He decides to fight without weapons or armor.

What brave act does Beowulf accomplish against Grendel?

He rips off Grendel's arm.

What event prompts Beowulf to return to Hrothgar's kingdom after defeating Grendel?

Grendel's mother seeks vengeance.

What does Beowulf receive from Hrothgar after his victory over Grendel?

Gold, armor, and treasures.

What is the name of the sword given to Beowulf by Unferth?

Hrunting.

Who does Beowulf give Hrunting back to after defeating Grendel's mother?

Unferth.

Which two characters represent opposing ideals of leadership in Beowulf?

Hrothgar and Aeschere.

What does the narrator remind the audience of after celebrations in Heorot?

That trouble may still come after joyous events.

What does Beowulf do to take revenge on behalf of Aeschere?

He vows to confront Grendel's mother.

How does Grendel's mother differ from her son?

She is portrayed as an avenger and has a stronger and more cunning presence.

What is the fate of Hrothgar’s hall after Grendel's mother attacks?

It remains a place of mourning and danger.

What is the significance of kinship in Anglo-Saxon culture as portrayed in Beowulf?

Family lineage is a key part of social structure and identity.

What does loyalty between kings and warriors ensure in Beowulf?

It secures the support and strength of the community.

What does the term 'thane' refer to in Beowulf?

A warrior or knight, serving the king.

How many men does Beowulf take with him to confront Grendel?

Fourteen men.

Where does Beowulf first prove his bravery?

In a swimming match against Breca.

What does the poem suggest about 'good kings' in terms of their character?

A good king should also excel as a warrior.

How does Beowulf view his noble heritage?

He takes pride in his lineage and accomplishments.

Who does Beowulf use as his testimony for proving his strength?

His past victories and lineage.

What does Hygelac decide to do against Onela?

He avenges the death of his men.

What brings Beowulf to defeat the dragon in his final battle?

The dragon threatens his kingdom.

What motivates Beowulf to fight the dragon despite his old age?

A sense of duty and legacy.

What does Wiglaf's character represent in Beowulf?

Loyalty and courage.

Which literary device is frequently used in Beowulf?