IB HOA Unit 3/Midterm

What election did Franklin Pierce Win?

Election of 1852

What party was Franklin Pierce?

Democrat- Dough-Face

Why was the Election of 1852 the last for the wig party?

1. Divided over slavery (Southern Wigs couldn't vote for anti-slavery pres (Winfield Scott)

2. Leaders died (Power vacuum wasn't filled)

Who created the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

Stephan A. Douglass

Who liked and didn't like the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

Middle liked- Big Pro-slavery & Anti-slavery didn't

What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act?

Popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska

South Reaction to Kansas-Nebraska Act

Became in favor of it because they had thought they were going to be the Norths states. Now they have a chance and encouraged southerners to move to Kansas helping cause "bleeding Kansas"

North Reaction to Kansas-Nebraska Act

Horrified since they thought that Kansas was there's and encouraged northerns to move to Kansas so they didn't lose it, helping cause "bleeding Kansas."

Why was the Republican Party formed?

Election of 1852 destroyed Wig Party- Scared by Kansas-Nebraska Act & realized they needed a party- Created Republicans (Northern, Anti-slavery)

Nickname for American Party

Know Nothing Party- "Secret"- party leaders told member that when asked what the party was about to say they "Knew Nothing"

What was the Know-Nothing Party?

(Nativist) A secret anti-Catholic and anti-immigrant (Irish) political party.
-Prodist christians had conspiracy theory vatican wanted to take over America (Irish were an invading force of catholics)

Know-Nothing Party's connection to the Republican Party

Almost all Northerns, Former Wigs, & didn't like democratic party- Republicans bc pro-slavery & Know Nothing bc democrats welcomed immigrants

What did the Know-Nothing Party say that Democrats stand for and what they stood for?

D- "Slavery, Rum, & Romanism"
KN- "Freedom, Temperance, & Protestantism"

Why was Kansas called "Bleeding Kansas"?

After Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed instigating popular sovereignty, a unofficial mini war was started between the North and the South. The South started the violence in Lawrence, Kansas with the intent to drive out the North.

Where did the violence start in "Bleeding Kansas"?

Lawrence, Kansas- Anti-Slavery Town nearly destroyed by a pro-slavery mob.

Who was John Brown?

Radical abolitionist (White) who was willing to do anything. He thought he was gods vengeance (eye for an eye)

What happened in Pottawatomie?

John Brown and a group of men including his sons took revenge for Lawrence, Kansas. Hacked radom pro-slavery family's men to death that didn't own slaves. Lanches "Bleeding Kansas".

Who was Charles Sumner?

Senator from Massachusetts, abolitionist, gave speech

What did Charles Sumner's speech say?

Called out Pres Franklin Pierce for being pro-slavery, The south for having slaves, & Singled out Andrew Butler (Old) for raping slaves (Slaves kid white, Open Secret)- (Have taken the harlot named slavery as your mistress)

What did Preston Brooks do?

He assaulted Charles Sumner on the Capitol floor during work session with cane after Charles Sumner made speech. (Other congressmen made sure no one stopped him)

What happened after Preston Brooks assaulted Charles Sumner?

Sumner Survived- went away from senate for 3 yrs- treated as hero
Brookes doesn't get prosecuted- South hero- got given loads of canes

Who was a part of, and who won the election of 1856

Buchanan (won) vs Fremont

What was Fremont?

Free soiler

What was Pres James Buchanan like?

Dough-Face- bad but good resume

What was Buchanan's policy

Popular sovereignty

What does it mean to be a dough-face?

Pro-slavery, but from the north

What was the Lecompton constitution?

Pro-slavery furious that anti-slavery were majority in kansas- last ditch attempt- obvious fraud- Pro-slavery constitution like they won sent to House of Rep- Thought they got away with it bc all 3 branches south- Didn't get approved

What was James Buchanan's stance on the Lecompton constitution?

Supportive

Who was Dred Scott and what did he want?

Slave- Master took North where lived multiple years- argued he should be free- took to supreme court

What was the ruling of the Dred Scott case?

That he was his property. He could not sue him. You could take property anywhere (Common Property)

Abraham Lincoln's stance on Slavery

Private-didn't like
Public-like henry clay- keep peace
Free soiler-containment

Who beat Lincoln in the race for Senator?

Stephen A. Douglas

What where the 3 things that Lincoln said when campaigning for senator?

1. African-Americans should have life, liberty, etc

2. Slavery denies that

3. Believed in Slave power conspiracy (South controlling 3 branches wanted to make slavery legal everywhere)

What did Stephen A. Douglas believe?

popular sovereignty (Thought would get him presidency)
(More well know then Lincoln)

Why did Lincoln win the election of 1860?

The pro-slavery vote divided among three candidates, while the anti-slavery vote largely unified behind Lincoln.

Who started Secession from the Union?

South Carolina

Around how long did it take for most of the Deep South to secede?

2 Months

Pres. Buchanan responded to the succession crisis by

not dealing with it

What was the last ditch effort by congress to stop war?

The Crittenden Plan (Didn't pass)- Said that slavery would never be abolished & new states will abide my missouri compromise line

Where were the first shots fired in the Civil War?

Fort Sumter

How many people hurt and killed at Fort Sumter?

no one (except a horse)

Who won Fort Sumter?

Confederacy

Who was the president of the Confederacy?

Jefferson Davis

How did Jefferson Davis inspire the Confederacy?

Revolution
Confederacy\= Patriots
Union\= England
Patriots won despite being the underdog

Where was the 1st real battle of the civil war?

The First Battle of Bull Run/Manassas

What was the Confederacy name for the First Battle of Bull Run?

Manassas

What happened at the First Battle of Bull Run?

Virginia- Not far from D.C.- Civilians from Wash. D.C. came to watch

Who won the First Battle of Bull Run?

Confederacy

Who was the Confederate General?

Robert E. Lee

What Battle had the bloodiest day in American History?

Battle of Antietam (4x D-Day)

Where did the Battle of Antietam take place?

Maryland (Union State- Lincoln frustrated) (Conf-Offensive)

Who won the Battle of Antietam?

Mutual loss, but Lincoln said victory for Union bc he wanted to make a big announcement

What does Lincoln do after the Battle of Antietam?

Proclaimed it a victory, fired General McClellan

What was Abraham Lincoln's plan?

1. Strength Federal Gov by suspending writs of habeas corpus (Suspend Legal system)

• Arrested ppl he thought were helping conf. without evidence

2. Military Draft after 2 yrs of war (Wealthy ppl could opt out)

• Pay money to get someone else to fight

Draft Riots

Irish-Americans in New York City rioted over the draft by killing any AA's they could find. Did it bc scared freed slaves would take their jobs. Troops from the Battle of Gettysburg were sent to stop them.

Jefferson Davis's Draft

White men 18-25, wealthy could opt out, & for every 20 slaves 1 man could stay behind. (yr earlier then Union)

What country did the confederacy hoped would help them?

England

How did the Union finance the war?

1st income tax, bonds, tariffs, borrowed from other countries, & printed "greenbacks"

What were greenbacks?

standardized paper money used by the Union during the Civil War

How did the Confederacy finance the war?

Hard bc wealthy plantation owners refused to give their money as they didn't want to be told what to do

• Middle class had to finance

• Econ bad

4 Union Econ Programs

1. National bank- Econ Growth after war

2. Protective tariffs- Help businesses

3. Homestead Act- Move west

4. Transcontinental railroad- set aside funding for after the war

What did the Homestead Act do?

160 acres to males above 21 yrs old if improved after 5 years- Used railroad to claim land

What did the Emancipation Proclamation do?

freed slaves in the Confederacy (War strategy)- When slaves heard that Union troops were getting near they just needed to get behind their lines to be free

Why did the Emancipation Proclamation only apply to Confederacy?

Lincoln didn't want to risk losing slave states still in Union

Why was Vicksburg hard to capture?

Couldn't do land and couldn't do the river bc city was on a cliff

How was Grant able to take Vicksburg?

Put Iron on the ships (Floating Tanks)

Why was the Battle of Vicksburg important?

It gave the Union control of the Mississippi River (Fighting in west over)

Significance of the Battle of Gettysburg

Turning point of the war (Big Moral Boost) (Conf. no more offensive wins)

What were the confederate's told after the Battle of Gettysburg?

That England wouldn't help them

Who won the Battle of Gettysburg?

Union

What were the 2 reasons that stopped AA's from fighting in the first half of the Civil War?

Racism- Didn't think they would make good soldiers
Strategic- Didn't want to anger pro-union slave states

Why were AA's now allowed to fight in the second half of the war?

Practical- needed more soldiers (Draft was in place- why not use willing and eager soldiers) & Emancipation proclamation

AA soldiers

-10% of Union Army
-fought with more passion
-Weren't paid as much at first- changed
-Segregated units (with white commander)

What was Ulysses S. Grant's war strategy?

Total War- A Test of societies, economics, political system, as well as armys

How did Ulysses S. Grant use his soldiers?

Use numbers- Threw them at enemy bc Union could replace and Conf. couldn't (Save more lives in the long term)

How was Total War applied to conf. civilians?

Destroyed everything that they owned, so that they couldn't help soldiers/war effort. (They were the backers up) Also destroy will to resist in hopes they could get the leaders to surrender.

Shenandoah Campaign

Conf. Raiders hidden by soldiers so Sheridan sent and burned houses, killed animals, destroyed property so they couldn't help the soldiers anymore

Election of 1864

Re-election of Lincoln (Rebranding & New vice pres)

What was the rebranding done for the election of 1864?

Republican→ National Union Party

Why did Lincoln change his vice pres for the Election of 1864?

Didn't think would win- Andrew Jackson (pro-slavery southern pro-union)

Who was the democratic nomination for the election of 1864?

George McClellan- Hates Lincoln for firing him- wants to end the war and let conf. go

What helped secure Lincoln's re-election?

Atlania, Georgia- Captured & Burned- War/Lincoln was actually doing good- almost over

Where did William T. Sherman's "March to the Sea" start?

Atlania, Georgia (one of south's biggest cities)- Captured & Burned

Where was William T. Sherman's "March to the Sea" headed?

Savannah, Georgia (Didn't destroy)

Where did William T. Sherman's go after his "March to the Sea"?

South Carolina and then North Carolina

What did William T. Sherman do on his "March to the Sea?"

Mass destruction- destroy anything useful to Conf.

Where did the Civil War end?

Appomattox Court House, Virginia

What was in the letter that Grant wrote to Lee?

Asked him to surrender- more ppl would just die (Lee didn't have many troops left)

Under Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction could Conf. be US. Citizen

They just had to do a public oath of allegiance (General annuity)

What was the 10% plan?

10% of the population had to take an oath of loyalty before they could reapply as states. (Lincoln)

What 4 things did the "Radical" Republicans want?

1. majority had to take oath to be state

2. anyone that participated in the gov/army couldn't be a citizen

3. get republican party in south (Appoint)

4. protect voting rights for freed men

What did the Wade-Davis Bill propose?

A plan devised for 51% of voters to take an oath of loyalty to the Union before rejoining

Was the Wade-Davis Bill passed?

Passed in Congress but then pocket vetoed by lincoln

Andrew Johnson's Reconstruction plan (3 parts)

1. Oath of allegiance offered to everyone expect for the highest ranking leaders and wealthy plantation owners

2. formally revoke succession

3. ratify 13th amendment

What were the Black Codes?

Laws denying most legal rights to newly freed slaves; passed by southern states following the Civil War

Freedmen's Bureau Bill

Freed men given land from plantation owner vetoed by Andrew Johnson

What did the 14th Amendment guarantee?

citizenship to freed slaves

How did Andrew Johnson try and stop the 14th Amendment?

encouraged south to not ratify

Reconstruction Act of 1867

Sent troops down (like it was an occupied territory) (Military districts)
Wrote a new state constitution for them (AA's could vote and be a citizen)

What did the Tenure of Office Act require?

Congress had to approve the removal or hiring of any presidential advisors.