Week 3 8th Grade Social Studies TNReady Vocab Review 4a

US History.

Second Great Awakening

A period of religious revivalism in the 1800's that focused on reform and repairing moral injustices.

Abolitionist Movement

The social movement to end slavery.

Women's Rights Movement

Movement that sought the equal treatment of women, including the right to vote.

Seneca Falls Convention

(1848) The first national women's rights convention at which the Declaration of Sentiments was written

Suffrage

The right to vote.

Sectionalism

Tension between the North and the South as each "section" of the country places its own interests above the country as a whole.

Grandfather Clause

Clause that allowed people who did not pass the literacy test to vote if their father or grandfather had voted before the Reconstruction began.

William Lloyd Garrison

An Abolitionist. Accomplishments include: Newspaper, "The Liberator", the New England Anti-Slavery Society

Literacy Test

Method used to prevent African Americans from voting by requiring them to prove they could read and write.

14th Amendment

Declares that all persons born in the U.S. are citizens and are guaranteed equal protection of the laws

Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson

Commander in the Confederate army. His death was detrimental. He is best known for the First Battle of Bull Run.

13th Amendment

Abolished slavery.

Sojourner Truth

Runaway slave, in 1827 changed her name and spoke for the abolitionist movement and women's rights

15th Amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race, color , or previous condition of servitude

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Nebraska territory was divided into 2 territories. The act allowed settlers in those territories to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery through popular sovereignty. This canceled out the Missouri Compromise.

Ku Klux Klan (KKK)

A violent opposition group to the Radical Republican policies. Known for its terrorist acts against African Americans and other minority groups.

Susan B. Anthony

Women's rights organizer, fought for women's suffrage and equality.

Compromise of 1850.

Preserved balance of free and slave states and said that congress would not regulate slavery in territories. California becomes a free state, no slave trade in DC, Popular sovereignty in Mexican Cession.

Sharecroppers

Farmers who work land for an owner who provides the equipment and seeds and receives a share of the profit.

Fugitive Slave Act

Helped slave owners recover their runaway slaves from the North.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, it was patterned after the Declaration of Independence. Fought for women's suffrage

Carpetbagger

Name given to Northern whites who moved South after the Civil War and supported the Republicans.

Dred Scott v. Sandford

Slavery was made legal in all territories. African Americans were denied citizenship rights, even if they were free.

Reconstruction Act

Plan made by "radical" Republicans in Congress to reconstruct the south after the Civil War.

Secession

Withdrawal from the Union

Lucretia Mott

An American Quaker, abolitionist, women's rights activist, and social reformer that participated in World Anti-Slavery Convention in London.

Harriet Tubman

A runaway slave that became the famous conductor of the Underground Railroad

Poll Taxes

A tax per person that had to be paid before the person could vote.

Civil War

Fighting between the North and South over the issue of slavery.

Radical Republicans

Republicans who favored extreme approach to Reconstruction.

John Brown

An American abolitionist leader that felt that violence was necessary to end American slavery, as years of speeches, sermons, petitions, and moral persuasion had failed.

Emancipation Proclamation

Freed all of the slaves in the Southern states, issued by Abraham Lincoln.

Black Codes

Laws passed in the South after the Civil War aimed at controlling freedmen.

Nat Turner

Leader of a slave rebellion in 1831 in Virginia. Revolt led to the deaths of 20 whites and 40 blacks and led to the "gag rule' outlawing any discussion of slavery in the House of Representatives

Republican Party

Party created in the 1850s to oppose slavery.

Scalawag

Name given to Southerners who supported Republican Reconstruction of the South.

Dred Scott

American slave who sued his master for keeping him enslaved in a territory where slavery was banned under the Missouri Compromise

Frederick Douglass

Freed slave- phenomenal speaker, had "The North Star".

Martial Law

Temporary rule by a military force over civilians.

Freedmen

A person freed from slavery.

Freedmen’s Bureau

Organization run by the army to care for and protect southern Blacks after the Civil War

Harriet Beecher Stowe

American author, was an abolitionist and wrote the famous antislavery novel, "Uncle Tom's Cabin".

Henry Clay

Politician known as "The Great Compromiser". Created the Missouri Compromise, Compromise of 1850 and the compromise that ended the nullification crisis

Inflation

A continuous rise in the price of goods and services.

Segregation

The separation or isolation of a race, class, or group

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America. Inaugural address proclaimed States' Rights

Ulysses S. Grant

Commanding Union General- won major victories for the Union (Shiloh and Vicksburg) - defeated Lee's troops in Virginia and accepted Lee's surrender at the Appomattox court hose in 1865

Habeas Corpus

Legal order for an inquiry to determine whether a person has been lawfully imprisoned.

Emancipate

To free from slavery.

Confederate States of America

Name for the states that seceded from the Union during the Civil War.

Robert E. Lee

Confederate General- commanded the Northern Army of Virginia-respected by Northerners and loved by white southerners- won early victories and invaded the north twice and lost both times (at Antietam and Gettysburg) - surrendered at Appomattox

Stephen Douglas

An American politician and lawyer from Illinois. He was one of two Democratic Party nominees for president in the 1860 presidential election. In an attempt to prevent secession with the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, his compromises backfired, helping to provoke the Civil War.

Abraham Lincoln

President of the United States during the Civil War. (Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg Address)

Sam Watkins

A noted Confederate soldier during the American Civil War. He is known today for his memoir "Company Aytch: Or, a Side Show of the Big Show", often heralded as one of the best primary sources about the common soldier's Civil War experience.

Andrew Johnson

President during Reconstruction; Impeached by the House of Representatives, not removed from office by the Senate.

Elisha Hunt Rhodes

Fought entire war, 2nd Rhode Island volunteer infantry Union soldier. Kept extensive diaries.

William Brownlow

Tennessean who was exiled for his public campaign against secession and later became governor

Nathan Bedford Forrest

Confederate cavalry leader who later became a Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan from Tennessee.

Elihu Embree

Tennessee Quaker who published an abolitionist newspaper called The Emancipator

David Farragut

Admiral of the Union Navy during the Civil War. Led the daring attack on New Orleans the led to the Union's control of the Mississippi River.

Ironclad

A new type of warship that was heavily armored with Iron

Total War

A conflict in which the participating countries devote all their resources to the war effort

Unconditional Surrender

Giving up to an enemy without any demands or requests.

Border States

In the civil war the states between the north and the south: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri. These states were slave states that did not secede from the Union and played a crucial role in the conflict.

Wade Davis Bill

1864 Proposed far more demanding and stringent terms for reconstruction; required 50% of the voters of a state to take the loyalty oath and permitted only non-confederates to vote for a new state constitution; Lincoln refused to sign the bill, pocket vetoing it after Congress adjourned.

Ten Percent Plan

This was Lincoln's reconstruction plan for after the Civil War. Written in 1863, it proclaimed that a state could be reintegrated into the Union when 10% of its voters in the 1860 election pledged their allegiance to the U.S. and pledged to abide by emancipation, and then formally erect their state governments. This plan was very lenient to the South, would have meant an easy reconstruction.

Anaconda Plan

An outline strategy for subduing the seceding states in the Civil War, proposed by General Winfield Scott, the plan emphasized blockading of Southern ports.

Casualities

Loss in numerical strength through any cause, as death, wounds, and/or sickness.

The Union

The United States of America, specifically the national government and 20 free states and five border slave states that supported it during the Civil War.