DNA/Protein Synthesis

proteins

proteins

DNA controls the manufacture of all cellular ___________

gene

contains the instructions for the production of a particular polypeptide chain

ribosomes

Assembly of proteins takes place on the __________

Protein synthesis

the manufacture of proteins

genes on the DNA to the ribosome by RNA

instructions for protein synthesis are transferred from...

RNA (ribonucleic acid)

single stranded molecule that is formed from nucleotides with the sugar being ribose and the nitrogenous bases being: adenine; guanine; cytosine and uracil

ribose

sugar in RNA

adenine; guanine; cytosine and uracil

nitrogenous bases in rna

adenine

in rna, uracil pairs with

Messenger RNA or m RNA

carries the coded instructions for a protein from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome

Transfer RNA or t RNA

brings the amino acids to the ribosome in the correct order so they can be built into a new protein

Ribosomal RNA or r RNA

makes up the structure of the ribosome along with several proteins.

DNA, RNA

___ transfers its message to ___

in the nucleus, leave the nucleus and go to the ribosome

DNA transfers its message to RNA because DNA stays________but RNA can ___________

transcription

Taking the information from the strand of DNA and giving it to a strand of RNA more specifically

the making of mRNA

what is transcription also known as

RNA polymerase

DNA is transcribed by an enzyme called

begin and end

specific nucleotide sequences tell RNA polymerase where to

promoter region

It attaches to DNA at a specific area called the

single, single

The DNA strand opens and allows RNA polymerase to transcribe only a _____ strand of DNA into a _____strand called messenger RNA (mRNA).

cytosine

guanine pairs with

terminator sequence

RNA polymerase moves along the DNA until it reaches a

mRNA: UAC GGC AAU UGC UUU AUG UCC

DNA: ATG CCG TTA ACG AAA TAC AGG

mRNA: AUA GGU UCU

DNA: TAT CCA AGA

translocation

mRNA goes to the ribosome and the message is translated or decoded by another type of RNA

translation

The decoding of mRNA into a protein

codon

every three based on mRNA

anticodon

every three bases on tRNA

initiator codon

first codon

stop codon is reached

The first codon is an initiator codon and the process stops when the

20

There are __ amino acids and scientist have discovered which ones are carried by certain sequences of tRNA

GCU

SO IF m RNA is CGA THEN t RNA is

griffith

concluded there was some transforming factor

occur

oswald avery Destroyed all but the DNA in the cell and found transformation

did not occur

oswald avery Destroyed including the DNA in the cell and found transformation

hershey and chase

used bateriophages or viruses that infect bacteria to show that DNA was the transforming factor.

protein coat

Virus inject DNA into the cell and leave ________ on outside

radioactive isotopes

hershey and chase found that virus inject DNA into the cell and leave protein coat on outside by using _________ to label the DNA

Rosalind Franklin

Showed with X-ray crystallography that DNA was double stranded

chargaff

Showed that there were equal amounts of nitrogen bases Adenine and Thymine and equal amounts of Guanine and Cytosine

equality in quantity between the bases A and T and between the bases G and C

chargaffs rule

watson and crick

worked out the structure of DNA molecule

double helix

watson and crick made a model in which two stands wrapped around each other in a shape they called a

DNA

All living things contain ____

DNA

the blueprint for chemical changes which take place in cells

DNA and proteins

Chromosomes are made up of

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

DNA stands for :

nucleotides

DNA usually consists of two strands of ___________bonded together, like a ladder

sugar-phosphate chains

the outside “rails”

chemical bond “rungs”

strands are held together by _____________ between the bases

3 billion

In humans there are approximately _________ nucleotides in each strand

nucleotides

subunits of DNA

1. Phosphate (PO4)

2. A ring shaped sugar(deoxyribose)

3. Nitrogen base

Nucleotide made of:

ring-shaped sugar

the same in all nucleotides of DNA

deoxyribose

sugar in DNA nucleotides

carbon and hydrogen

deoxyribose composed of

ribose

sugar in Rna

phosphate group

the same in each nucleotide

phosphate and oxygen

phosphate group contains the elements...

nitrogen

They are “nitrogenous” because they contain

Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Guanine (G)

4 bases that a DNA nucleotide can have are

adenine and Guanine

purines

Thymine (T) Cytosine (C)

pyrimidines

2

purines have _ rings

1

pyrimidines have _ rings

a nucleic acid molecule called DNA

When many of these nucleotides monomers are joined together, it creates ________

Sequence and length of the nucleotide chains

what determines the proteins the DNA codes

DNA AND RNA

Two types of nucleic acids are found in living organisms

sugar-phosphate (backbone)

forms the structural framework of nucleic acids, including DNA and RNA. This backbone is composed of alternating sugar and phosphate groups, and defines directionality of the molecule.

hydrogen

hold two strands together

replicate

make “exact” copies

DNA replication

copying one double stranded DNA molecule into two genetically identical copies

a cell can divide

All DNA must be replicated before

strands seperate

1st step in dna replication

Each strand builds up its partner by adding the appropriate nucleotides

2nd step in dna replication

nuceloplasm

nucleotides are present in the

cytoplasm

nucleoplasm is the nuclear equivalent of

You end up with two molecules of DNA each with one original parent strand and one new complementary strand

3rd step of dna replication

helicase

enzyme that unwinds DNA

DNA polymerase

enzyme that moves along each strand and brings in bases for new strand copy

complementary

matching