Skeleton study guide

Support

Bearing the weight of the body

Protection

Encasing essential organs; ribcage protects heart and lungs

Movement

Joints provide movement for bones

Storage

Storage of minerals to be released into the bloodstream; Storage of fat in yellow bone marrow

Manufacturing

Of red and white blood cells from red bone marrow; called hematopoiesis

Bones are a solid 1) _____ of living 2) ____ and 3) ____ surrounded by 4) _____ deposits. Bones are classified by their 5) _____.

1) matrix, 2) cells, 3) fibers, 4) calcium, 5) shape

Flat bone

Long bones

Sesamoid bone

Short bone

Irregular bone

Long bone 2 basic regions

Diaphysis: short, long part of the bone
Epiphyses: ends of the bone

also called the growth plate

Epiphyseal plate

- what the ends of the epiphyses are covered with
- which provides smooth 1)______ of joints and cushion from 2)_____

- an external layer of cartilage called articular cartilage
- 1) movement, 2) shock

what is found in the diaphysis of the long bone

Medullary cavity

which bone marrow fills the cavity of young people

Red

Age causes red bone marrow to be replaced with 1) ______. it is within the bone marrow that new 2) ______ are produced. (called 3) _______.

1) fatty yellow bone marrow, 2) blood cells, 3) hematopoiesis

the outer layer of the bone made of tough connective tissue called 1) _______. It is the location of 2) ______ attachment and bone 3) ______.

1) periosteum, 2) muscle, 3) repair

A thick layer of what is beneath the periosteum

compact bone

what is beneath the compact bone at the ends of the long bones

the spongy bone layer

what is spongy bone a lattice of ("little beams") that are found along the 1) __________ for perfect resistance from 2) _______?

trabeculae, 1) lines of stress, 2) compression

what is compact bone arranged in

cylinders called osteons

osteons are arranged in concentric circles called 1) _______

1) lamellae

what does lamellae surround that contains blood vessels and nerves?

a central (or haversian) canal

what are central canals connected by that runs perpendicularly?

perforating (Volkmann's) canals

osteocytes

mature bone cells that make up majority of the bone structure

osteoclasts

break down bone

osteoblasts

produce new bone

what connects all bone cells, allowing them to receive nutrients and remove wastes?

Canaliculi

what is an embryo's skeleton made of?

cartilage

what happens near the third month f embryo development?

osteoblasts secrete mineral deposits that replace the cartilage. They then mature into osteocytes

ossification

the process of incorporating calcium and minerals into cartilage to become bone

as a child grows, tall columns of 1) _____ (cartilage cells) at the epiphyseal plate divide and then deteriorate as the matrix around them 2) ______. these cells are known as 3) ______, which form spongy bone.

1) chondrocytes, 2) calcifies, 3) osteoblasts

what do osteoblasts secret to enlarge the medullary cavity as the bone grows so that marrow is available for all cells?

Acid

Osteoid

35%, made of ground substance and collagen, provides flexibility and tensile required to keep bones from breaking, and lack of collagen causes brittle bone disease.

Mineral salts

65%, made of hydroxyapatites, provides bone strength and hardness, and lack of hydroxyapatite causes rickets.

two hormones that trigger bone formation and remodeling:

Calcitonin and parathyroid hormone

Calcitonin

deposits extra calcium from blood into bones

parathyroid hormone

stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone, adding calcium to blood

Axial skeleton (80 bones)

appendicular skeleton (126 bones)

where does the vertebral column extend from, provide, and protect?

from the skull to the pelvis, provides support, and protects the spinal cord.

how many vertebrae are there at birth?

33

which and how many vertebrae fuse together in adolescence?

5 sacral and 4 vertebrae of the coccyx

what are the remaining vertebrae separated by and what do they provide and absorb?

they are separated by intervertebral discs that provide cushioning and absorb shock

The spine is 1) ________ curved at birth, but two portions (in the cervical and lumbar vertebrae) develop 2) _______ curves later in life.

1) convexly, 2) concave

The 1) ________ (convex) and 2) ____________ (concave) curvatures of the spine allow for better 3) __________ and distribution of 4) ___________ throughout the body.

1) primary, 2) secondary, 3) balance, 4) weight

Fibrous

immovable or slightly, held together by fibrous connective tissue; ex: teeth

Cartilaginous

immovable or slightly, held together by cartilage; ex: lumbar vertebrate

Synovial

Highly movable, contains synovial fluid for frictionless movement

a joint capsule filled with what surrounds the end of the bones?

Synovial fluid

what lines the joint cavity?

a synovial membrane and articular cartilage

what surrounds the end of the bones?

a joint capsule filled with synovial fluid

ligaments

connect bone to bone

tendons

connect muscle to bone