Homeostatsis Balance (Final)

As you age, total body water…

Decrease

What is the average percent of total body water for eldery?

45%

What is the average percent of total body water for infant?

75%

What is the average percent of total body water for adult males?

60%

What is the average percent of total body water for adlut women?

50%

What tissue is the least hydrated

Adipose → 20%

What is the total water volume of the body

40L

What compartments make up total fluid volume

ICF and ECF

What is the ICF compartment?

The volume of water inside of cells (Cytosol)

What is the volume of ICF?

28L

What is the ECF compartment?

The volume of fluid outside of cells

What is the total volume of ECF

12L

What are the componets of the ECF comparment?

Plasma → 4L

IF → 8L

Other < 1L

What contributes to ECF outside of plasma and IF

Lymph

CSF

Eye Humor

Synoival

Serous

GI Secretion

Where does plasma and IF exchange fluid

Capillary

What faciliates plasma-IF exchange

Plasma → IF = Hydrostatic

IF → Plasma = Osmotic

Where does IF-ICF exchange occur

PM

What faciliates IF-ICF exchange

Two Way Osmosis

Water Intake is equal to..

Wate Output

What is the daily input/output of wate

2.5 L

Where does water input come from

60% Fluid

30% Food

10% Metabolism

What does water output come from

Urine → 60%

Air Vapor → 28%

Perspiration → 8%

Feces → 4%

What is insensible water loss

Wate output that you are unaware of (Vapor)

What is sensible water loss

Water output you are aware of (Urine, Sweat, Feces)

What controls thrist?

Hypothalamus

What triggers thrist

Osmoreceptors detects 1-2% change

Baroreceptors dectect 5% decrease to BP/BV

What are some problems with thrist mechansim

Atheletic and Confusion can mask signal

Fluid Overload patients may be thristy

What is obligatory water loss

The amount of water that is needed to excrete each day to flush out metabolic waste (500cc)

How long does it take to excrete extra water after ingestion

30 min

What is dehyrdation

Loss exceeed intake of water

What causes dehydration

Hemorrage

Severe Burn

Excess Diarrhea

Vomiting

Profuse Sweating

Diuretics

DI

DM

What are the S/S of dehydration

Cottony oral mucosa

Thristy

Dry Flushed Skin

Weight Loss

Fever

Confusion

What is edema?

Swelling due to excessive fuid

What is hypotonic hydration

An overconsumation of water without electrolytes

What are the S/S of hypotonic hydration

Severe H/A

Confusion

Nausea

Muscle Cramps

Seizure

Coma

Death

How is hypotonic hydration treated

Adminsiter IV Saline

What are electrolytes

Chemical compounds that dissociate into ions in water

What are the major ions?

Na

K

Ca

Mg

PO

What are the caterogries of electrolytes

Inorganic Salt

Organic Acid and Base

Proteins

What are the roles of electrolytes

Fluid Movement

Excitability

Secretory

Membrane Permability

What is the most abundant ECF cation

Na

What is the primary role of Na

Control ECF volume and water distrubtion

What does sodium content determine

ECF volume and BP

What occurs with elevated Na levels

ECF osmolality increases

Triggers ADH and Thrist

Increased water intake and retention

Reduces Na concertation and increases ECF volume

What occurs with Na when BP is elevate

BP stretches right atrium

ANF is secreted

Kidney is inhibited with reuptake due to ADH inhibition

Na and Water get excreted

What occurs with Na during low BP

Low BP triggers R-A-A

Na and water gets retain

Na increases

What is hyponaterima

Low Sodium Concerntaion

What are the S/S of hyponatermia

Confusion

Seziure

Coma

What causes hyponatermia

excessive water consumpation

vomiting and diarrhea

burns

diuretics

circulatory shock

What is hypernaterima

Excessive Na concentration

What causes hypernaterima

Excessive aldosterone

DehydrationWh

What are the S/S of hypernaterima

Pulmonary Edema

Muscle Convulsions

Thrist

Confusion

Lethargy

Coma

What is the predominant anion in ECF?

Chloride

What regulates cholride

Na

What causes hypochloremia

Sweating

Diuresis

Vomiting

Diarrhea

Low Salt

SIADH

HF

Addison’s

What causes hypercholremia

Dehydration

Cushing

Kidney Disease

What is the chief ICF cation

K

Why is K highly regulated in the body

It is important for maintaing membrane potential

What is the role of K in the body

Depolarization and Hyperpolariziation

What regualtes K

Aldosterone

What causes hypokalemia

Ex Aldosterone

Insulin

Diuretics

What are S/S of hypokalemia

Fatigue

Cramps

Temp Paralysis

What is the cause of hyperkalemia

Renal Disease

What are the S/S of hyperkalemia

Intestinal Cramping

Diarrhea

Temp Paralysis

What are the roles of Ca

Exocytosis

Muscle Contraction

Cardiac AP

Blood Clots

What regulates ECF Ca

Kidney

GI

Bone

Where is most Ca found in the body

Bone

What hormones regualte Ca

PTH

Vitamin D

Calcitonin

As PTH increases, ECF Ca…

Increases

As Vitamin D increases, ECF Ca…

Increases

As Calcitonin increases, ECF Ca…

Decreases

What is the main sign of hypocalmeia

Tetany

What are the S/S of hypercalemia

CaCO3 deposits

Inflammation

Arrhytmia

Where is a majority of PO found

As CaPO4 salt in bone and teeth

What are the roles of PO3

Binds to macros

Compontent of DNA, RNA, and ATP

Enzymatic

Buffer

What causes hypophosphatemia

Vitamin D decfifcent

ETOH

What causes hyperphosphatemia

Renal Failure

Laxatives

Where is Mg stored?

Bones

ICF

What causes hypomagnesemia

EOTH

Insulin Resistance

Chronic Diarrhea

Malnurition

Diuretics

What are the S/S of hypomagnesmia

Weakness

Convulsions

Cramps

What causes hypermagnesemia

Renal Fail (Rare)

Laxative

Antacids/Mg Intake

What are the S/S of hypermagenemia

Lethargy

Nausea

Hypotension

Impaired CNS

Coma

Respiratory Depression

Cardaic Arrest

What does a buffer do?

Make a solution more resistance to change in pH

What is arterial pH

7.4

What is venous pH

7.35

What is ICF pH

7

What is considered alkalosis

>7.45

What is considered acidosis

<7.35

What is the relationship between pH and H+

Inversely proportional

Where does most H+ come from

Metabolic by-product

What are acids

Chemicals that release H+ in solutions

What are bases

Chemicals that remove H+

What is the dfference between strong and weak acids/bases

Strong → Completely disassociates into ions

Weak → Partial disassociation

What is plasma H+ regualted by?

Buffers

Brainstem Respiratory Center

Renal

What is the 1st line of defense to pH cahnge

Buffers

In terms of time, which buffering system is the slowest

Renal

What are the buffer systems in the body?

Carbonic Acid/Bicarb (ECF)

Protein (Plasma and Cell)

Phosphate (Urine and ICF)

How does carbonic acid/bicarb system work

CO2 + H20 ←→ H2CO3 ←→ H + HCO3

How does protein buffer work

Increase in H → Binds to Carboxyl and Amino groups

Decrease → Disassociation

What is the most important protein buffer?

Hgb