It's called Pygmalion Effect

Acculturation

Cultural modification of an individual, group, or people by adapting to or borrowing traits from another culture.

Anglophone

Someone who speaks English.

Artifacts

Objects made by human beings, typically an item of cultural or historical interest.

Bicultural

Individuals who have dual cultural identities.

Ethnocentrism

An attitude that one's own cultural group is the center of everything and all other groups should be evaluated with reference to it.

Francophone

Someone who speaks French.

Identity

The understanding a person has of himself or herself, their self-concept.

In-group

A social group to which a person psychologically identifies as being a member.

Out-group

A social group with which an individual does not identify.

Logic

A particular mode of reasoning viewed as valid.

Roles

The expected behaviour associated with a particular situation or position in a group.

Social Identity

A person's sense of who they are, based on their group memberships.

Socialize

To teach and enforce behaviour that is acceptable to a group or society.

Society

An enduring and cooperating social group whose members have developed organized patterns of relationships through interaction with one another.

Stereotype

A widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of a person.

Values

A person's principles and beliefs about what is important in life.

Amish

A group of traditionalist Christian church fellowships with Swiss German Anabaptist origins.

Caste

A system dividing society into hereditary classes.

Collectivism

A social pattern consisting of closely linked individuals who see themselves as part of one or more collectives, primarily motivated by norms and duties, and who give priority to goals of the collective.

Cultural complexity

The amount of difference that exists in the various aspects of the lives of individuals in a society.

Cultural distance

The aggregate difference between societies based on a number of cultural dimensions.

Dynamic externality

Grappling with external constraints while focusing on survival tasks of life; includes importance of religion, belief in justice, and good prevailing.

Individualism

A social pattern of loosely linked individuals who view themselves as independent, motivated by their own preferences, and prioritize personal goals.

Indulgence vs restraint

Indulgence allows free gratification of basic human drives for fun; restraint suppresses gratification with strict social norms.

Kibbutzim

A collective community in Israel traditionally based on agriculture.

Long-term orientation

Focuses on future rewards, persistence, saving, adaptability.

Masculinity

Cultural dimension emphasizing ambition, wealth, and differentiated gender roles.

Femininity

Cultural dimension stressing caring, equality, environmental awareness, and flexible gender roles.

Power distance

How members of a culture view and accept unequal power distribution.

Role structures

Mechanism enabling members to figure out all roles in a group.

Rule of thumb

A broadly accurate guide or principle based on experience or practice.

Social cynicism

Belief that the world is mean-spirited and others cannot be trusted.

Tightness vs looseness

Tight cultures have strict rules and little tolerance; loose cultures have fewer rules and more tolerance.

Uncertainty avoidance

Degree to which cultures tolerate unpredictability.

Cultural identity

Part of a person's self-conception tied to nationality, ethnicity, religion, class, generation, or group.

Fundamental attribution error

Tendency to overemphasize personality-based explanations for others' behaviour while underemphasizing situational factors.

National stereotype

A fixed, overgeneralized belief about people from a particular country.

Reference groups

Groups that influence opinions, beliefs, attitudes, and behaviour.

Schema

A mental framework to organize and interpret information.

Script

A sequence of expected behaviours for a situation.

Selective avoidance

Tendency to ignore information that challenges beliefs.

Selective perception

Seeing only what one desires to and ignoring other views.

Self-schema

Ideas and beliefs about ourselves.

Social cognition

How people process, store, and apply social information.

Social dominance theory

Theory of maintaining group-based social hierarchies.

Type 1 cognition

Fast, unconscious (automatic) processing.

Type 2 cognition

Slow, conscious (controlled) processing.

Ultimate attribution error

Attributing negative out-group and positive in-group behaviours to individuals, while excusing opposite behaviours as external factors.

Prescriptive

Acquired by, founded on, or determined by long-standing customs.

Descriptive

Grounded in observation or experience.

Rational model of decision making

Step-by-step use of analysis and facts for an optimal solution.

Ringi-sei

Collective decision-making process in Japan where proposals circulate for approval.

Optimization model

Finding the most cost-effective or best performance under given constraints.

Satisficing

Decision strategy aiming for adequate rather than optimal results.

Decision styles

Directive, analytic, conceptual, and behavioral decision-making approaches.

Heuristic

Practical problem-solving method sufficient for immediate goals, not guaranteed optimal.

Availability

Mental shortcut relying on immediate examples that come to mind.

Representativeness

Shortcut judging similarity to a prototype.

Nepotism

Favoring relatives or friends in jobs or power.

Pygmalion effect

Self-fulfilling prophecy where expectations affect performance.

Anchoring and adjustment

Using known anchors for estimates and adjusting from them.

Moral philosophies

Systematic approaches to right and wrong conduct.

Ethical dilemma

Situation requiring choice between two actions, each violating a moral principle.

Consequential models

Morality determined by consequences, not rules.

Utilitarianism

Best action is what maximizes well-being for the greatest number.

Categorical imperative

Moral law unconditional for all; treat people as ends, not means.

Cultural relativism

Beliefs and practices should be judged within their cultural context.

Hypernorms

Fundamental principles for evaluating lower-order norms; universal ethics.

Cognitive moral development

People progress through stages of increasing moral reasoning ability.

Grounding

Information that all participants in a communication know that they all know.

Cultural field

The culturally based elements of a person's background that influence communication.

Proxemics

The study of the amount of space that people feel it necessary to set between themselves and others.

Slang

A type of language that consists of very informal words and phrases, restricted to a particular context or group.

Emblems

Nonverbal signals that can generally be translated directly into words; agreed upon meaning within a culture.

Illustrators

Gestures closely related to speech, illustrating what is being said.

Adaptors

Gestures that are reactions to the internal state of the individual.

Foreigner speak

A simplified version of a language used by native speakers when addressing non-native speakers.

Euphemism

A mild or indirect word substituted for one considered too harsh or blunt.

Ethnolinguistic vitality

The ability of a group's language and ethnicity to sustain itself as a distinct entity.

Lingua franca

A common language adopted between speakers with different native languages.

Low-context communication

Message interpreted mainly through explicit words (spoken or written).

High-context communication

Message interpreted using tone, gesture, silence, or context as well as words.

Need for closure

An individual's desire for a firm answer and aversion to ambiguity.

Motivation

The process that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behavior.

Content theories

Concerned with what motivates people; focus on individual needs and goals.

Process theories

Explain the psychological and behavioral processes that motivate action.

Self-actualization

Realization or fulfillment of one's talents and potential.

Work centrality

Belief about the importance of work in one's life.

Job design

Specification of content, methods, and relationships in jobs.

Job characteristics model

Five core job dimensions that lead to critical psychological states in employees.

Sociotechnical systems

Approach recognizing interaction between people and technology in the workplace.

Quality circle

Group of employees who meet regularly to resolve problems and improve production.

Kaizen

Japanese philosophy of continuous improvement of working practices.

Equity theory

People are motivated by fairness; inequities in input/output ratios cause adjustment.

Expectancy theory

Performance depends on belief it will lead to outcomes valued by the individual.

Valence

In psychology, attractiveness of an outcome.

Goal setting

Identifying something to accomplish and setting measurable goals and timeframes.

Trait theories

Leadership is based on innate traits.

Behavioral theories

Leadership is based on learnable, definable behaviors.

Initiating structure

Extent to which a leader defines roles, organizes activities, and sets tasks.