UNIT 7

Porfirio Diaz

Popular leader with good intentions, from a poor mestizo background, who encouraged stability, foreign investment, and "law and order" in Mexico.

Factors leading to Diaz’s Demise

Wealthy in power, too much dependence on foreign investments, failure to deliver promised free elections, and a new generation seeking political power.

Emiliano Zapata

Leader in the Mexican Revolution who, along with "Pancho" Villa, began an uprising against the government.

Constitution of 1917

Introduced land reform, limits on foreign investment, minimum wage, maximum hours, pensions, and the right to unionize in Mexico.

Mustafa Kemal Ataturk

Leader of the Republic of Turkey who promoted Westernization, women's rights, industrial expansion, and economic independence.

Reza Khan Pahlavi

Military officer who established the Pahlavi dynasty in Iran, implemented Westernization, and focused on economic independence, including the oil industry.

Balfour Declaration

British support for a Jewish homeland in Palestine, a major cause of conflict in the Middle East.

Alexander II

Russian czar who emancipated the serfs, modernized the army and courts, and gave more rights to women.

Bolsheviks

Led by Lenin, they took over the Russian government in the November Revolution, establishing a dictatorship of the proletariat.

United Fruit Company

Controlled banana and sugar plantations in Latin America, leading to the Banana Massacre in 1928 and influencing the overthrow of the Guatemalan president in 1954.

Gas Warfare

Gas grenades used in WWI to incapacitate victims, not kill them, causing choking or blindness.

Tank

British invention in WWI providing defense from machine guns and gas, moving slowly at 3 mph.

Trench Warfare Impact

Increased casualty rates, decreased movement, and horrible environmental impacts like land mines.

Total Warfare

Nations used all resources in WWI, including conscription, targeting civilians, and a war of attrition.

Treaty of Versailles

Ended WWI, included the War-Guilt Clause, reparations on Germany, and demilitarization terms.

Great Depression

Economic crisis post-WWI, leading to stock market crash, unemployment, and the New Deal under FDR.

Mandate System

Post-WWI colonial territories administered by League of Nations, classified into Class A, B, and C mandates.

Japanese Expansion

Post-WWI Japan's militarism, invasion of Manchuria and China, and the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere.

Indian Independence Movement

Led by Gandhi, using nonviolence and civil disobedience, culminating in the Salt March and independence in 1947.

Causes of WWII

Unsustainable peace, continued imperialism, economic crisis, and the rise of fascism and totalitarianism in countries like Italy and Germany.

Beer Hall Putsch

Hitler's failed attempt to overthrow the Weimar government

Hitler's Rise to Power

Nazi party's growth leading to Hitler becoming Chancellor in 1933

Racial Policy

Hitler's beliefs on Aryan supremacy, Jewish inferiority, and need for Lebensraum

Conducting World War II

Mass atrocities committed after 1900

Stalin's Rule

Totalitarian state with control over all aspects of life and cult of personality

Methods of Mobilization

Persuasion through media, education, rewards, and intimidation like censorship and terror

Collectivization

Policy of pooling land into collective farms to increase production and free farmers for factory labor

Five Year Plan

Soviet Union's planned economy to catch up with the West

The Great Purge

Period of mass arrests and executions in the Soviet Union

The Cold War

Tension between US and Soviet Union due to conflicting ideologies and mutual mistrust

Origins of the Cold War

Division of Germany, Berlin Blockade, Iron Curtain, and America's containment policy

America's Reaction

Containment policy, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, and formation of NATO and Warsaw Pact

Implications

Global effects of the Cold War and competition for influence during decolonization.