chapter 10 psychology

Sigmund Freud

- Involved in psychodynamic psychology
- believed that psychological disorders involved the conflict of conscious moral society and unconscious sex drive
- developed the psychosexual stages of development
- Lived in the Victorian age where women had no rightsand societal norms heavily influenced behavior and thought processes. Freud's theories emphasized the role of the unconscious mind in shaping human behavior.

Freud's Personality Structure

ID (IT) : unconscious desire involved in pleasure and against societal norms; involves amygdala like the devil on your shoulder
EGO: deals w the demands of reality, aims to pleasureable within the demands of the society
Involved in higher thinking: reasoning problem solving and decision making frontal cortex
SUPEREGO:morality; partially conscious

Defense mechanism: ego coping skills

Denial: ignoring the issue
Displacement: take out my anger not on main target but towards something else
Sublimation: I HAVE ANGER ISSUES BUT INSTEAD OF PUNCHING WALLS AND IM GOING TO DO MMA!
Projection: Something that you don't like about yourself so you enforce your personal beliefs onto others
Repression: forgetting painful past experiences
Regression: reverting to an earlier stage of life or version

Freud and his odd psychosexual stages of development

Personality is formed by the age of six
Each of 5 stages were aligned w an enhanced sexuality around a certain body zone
Adults who did become fixated at a certain stage would display certain characteristics

Oral Stage (Freud)

* birth to 18 months

- they use their mouth for pleasure

- adult fixation: gum smoking eating kissing

- sublimations: knowledge, humor, sarcasm, being a foodie

- rxn formation: grammar snob following food fads, not drinking

Anal Stage (Freud)

• 18 to 36 months, usually toilet training 

• Children felt pleasure from controlling their bodily functions

• Adult fixations include bathroom  humor, extreme messiness, notable interest in toileting  (ppl would date their poop and their logs)

• Sublimations: fine arts, overly giving, interest in statistics

• Reaction formatiions: disgust of the toilet, fear of dirt, being a prude

Phallic Stage (BOYS)

• 3 to 6yrs old

• Focus on genitals and pleasure from them

• Oedipal complex time! Boys went through the oedipus complex! 

• To prevent the dad from castration or castration anxiety, the boy woukd identify w the father and become male gendered; this anxiety was in the id and helped develop the  strong superego

The nonexistent phallic stage for girls

• 3-6 yrs old

• Girls developed penis envy and did not develop a super strong superego like boys so they r morally inferior (electra complex)

• Adult fixations include flirtness, excessive self gratification and virility

• Sublimations: love of poetry, romance, acting, drive for success

• Reaction formations: extreme modesty and puritanical views toward sex 

Latency Stage

• 6 to puberty stage

• Freud felt no psychosexual development happened at this age

• A lot of our personality develops at this time (now)

Genital stage

• We discover sexuality outside of the self and fam

• Still struggle w the id and sexual conflicts of the childhood

Karen Horney

• sociocultural dynamic

• Men and women both envy each other; motivated by security not sex.  Couples having each other as a sense of comfort:

  Women envy their long lashes strength and their privilege 

  Men envy their ability to express emotions and relationships 

Carl Jung

• Believed that collective unconscious (common ancestral experiences) affect personality

  • Archetypes in the collective unconscious create common art, literature, dreams, and religion

  • Male and female archetypes: anima passive, animus assertive

Alfred Adler (individualism)

our personality is driven by the pursuit of perfection; our genetic abilities work towards our own perfection; can lead to an inferiority complex 

• We compensate for weaknesses and work to overcome inferiorities

• Birth order can affect us, but does not define us

• First born: they lost all the attention  

• Middle born: best off got attention when needed and got freedom when they were older

• Youngest: spoiled AF BRATs

Maslow’s Humanistic Approach

• Believed that a person’s capacity for personal growth and human qualities affect personality

• We should aspire to be like those who have reached self actualization (peak experiences, pursuing the greater good, tolerance of others, spiritual insight) yay we go to self transcendence once we fulfil beyond the physical self 

Carl Rogers Approach (self concept)

• We can all have the ability to be our best selves w a fulfilling life

• We need the right conditions to thrive (self-worth)

• We have innate sense of what is good or bad for us (self image) - genuineness

• We want to be accepted positively by others for all of our strengths and flaws (Unconditional positive regard)

• Most people will only accept us on their own terms (conditions of worth) – lack of empathy

• As we develop there is a decrease in genuineness due to people who becoming more demanding for their wants, which can make one unhappy 

Walter mischel

• Behavior is discriminatory, adaptability

• Developed situationism: behavior and traits werent cross-situational (happy at school and funeral)

• Developed CAPS theory

CAPS theory

• Cognitive affective processing systems: the belief that our own thoughts and emotions affect our personality in the long term

• Children who can delay grabbing a cookie in an experiment often grow up to delay gratification as they got older (studying vs partying)

Hans Eysenck’s RAS theory

• We all have an optimal level of arousal w the outside world

• Extroverts wake up under aroused while introverts are over aroused, above the optimal level

• More arousal for extroverts (more open) and introverts want less (more private)

Jeffery Grey’s Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory

• Behavioral Activation System (BAS) seeks positive outcomes while Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) seeks to avoid punishments

• BAS orientation leads to extroversion, BIS orientation leads to neuroticism

• More dopamine= more extraversion

• Less serotonin= neuroticism (lack of binding to thalamus)

• amygdala, the prefrontal cortex, and the anterior cingulate cortex serve to assist system; key in BAS

hysteria

physical symptoms that have no physical cause. 

Castration anxiety

the boy’s intense fear of being mutilated by his father; develops the superego

Trait theories

theoretical views stressing that personality consists of broad, enduring dispositions (traits) that tend to lead to characteristic responses.

Gordon Allport

•  He stressed each person’s uniqueness and capacity to adapt to the environment. Traits are structures inside a person that cause behavior to be similar even in different situations. 

• Developed the lexical approach: if a trait is important to people in real life, it will be represented in daily life; more important a trait is, more likely it should be represented by a single word.

factor analysis

a statistical procedure that allows  researchers to identify which traits go together in terms of how they are rated; what items on a scale people are responding to as if they mean the same thing.

Big 5 factors of personality (OCEAN)

broad traits that encompass the main dimensions of personality: neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness aka OCEAN

OCEAN Terms

Openness: liberal values, open-mindedness, tolerance, and creativity; high cognitive function

Conscientiousness: related to diligence; associated with better quality friendships, higher religious faiths, entrepreneurial. Lower levels associated with criminal behavior, substance, and pathological gambling

Extraversion: high extraversion are more likely to engage in social activities, experience gratitude, have a strong sense of life, and more forgiving

Agreeableness: generosity and altruism; more optimistic

Neuroticism: feeling of a negative emotion frequently & experiencing more lingering negative states; associated with death, coronary heart disease risk

Hippocrates Archaic Personalities

Based on bodily fluids (humors)

Sanguine: happy optimistic and plenty of blood

Choleric: quick-tempered with yellow bile

Phlegmatic: placid sluggish and too much mucus!

Melancholic: pessimist and his heart is black and so is his bile

Henry Murray

• coined the term personology to refer to the study of the whole person; in order to understand a person we must first know their story and all the key parts.

• developed the Thematic Appreciation Test

Thematic Appreciation Test

involves content analysis, a procedure in which a psychologist takes the person’s story and codes it for different images, words, and so forth.

Intimacy Motivation

• developed by Dan McAdams

• an enduring concern for warm interpersonal encounters for their own sake

• found in personal stories

Psychobiography

a means of inquiry in which the personality psychologist attempts to apply a personality theory to a single person’s life.

Bandura’s social cognitive theory

behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors are all important in understanding personality.

reciprocal determinism

describes the way behavior, environment, and person/cognitive factors interact to create personality.

environment: influences actions and reactions

Self-efficacy

the belief that one has the competence to accommodate a given goal or task; related to positive results, solving problems, social abilities, and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.

barnum effect

tendency for individuals to accept vague general personality descriptions as accurate..

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

projective test that s designed to elicit stories that reveal something about an individual’s personality

Rorschach inkblot test

uses an individual’s perception of inkblots to determine his or her personality. It’s not super reliable though!

projective test

A personality assessment test that presents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and asks them to describe it or tell a story about it

face validity

The extent to which a test item appears to fit the particular trait it is measuring.

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

widely used and researched empirically keyed self-report personality test. The scale features 567 items and provides information on a variety of personality characteristics. The MMPI also includes a variety of items meant to assess whether the respondent is lying or trying to make a good impression.

empirically keyed test

presents many questionnaire items to two groups that are known to be different in some central way

Self report tests

directly asks people whether specific items describe their personality traits. Self-report personality tests include items that are simple.

Subjective well-being

a person’s assessment of their own level of positive affect relative to negative affect and their personal evaluation of themselves. Focused on a person’s pos and neg moods and life satisfaction