APUSH Period 4 (1800-1848)

Revolution of 1800

VP Jefferson (democratic republican) defeated President John Adams (federalist), ushered in a generation of Democratic-Republican leadership

Judiciary Act of 1801

Eliminated a Supreme Court seat and relieved justices of circuit court responsibilities

Midnight Judges

58 judges appointed to the Federal Circuit courts and the newly-created D.C. courts by Adams on the night of his last day in officce

Marbury v. Madison

Established judicial review

Judicial Review

gave the Supreme Court the power to decide if a law is constitutional or not

Quids

third party, anti-Madison part of the Democratic-Republican party

Louisiana Purchase

Land deal between the U.S. and France, where the U.S. acquired alotta land west of the Mississippi River

Corps of Discovery

Adventures led by Lewis and Clark who were sent by Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Territory to find a route to the Pacific

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Expedition sent by Thomas Jefferson to explore the northwestern territories in the U.S., strengthened the U.S. claim to areas (now Oregon and Washington)

Barbary Pirates

Many renegade countries on the Mediterranean coast of North Africa demanded tribute in exchange for refraining from attacking ships. U.S. paid the Barbary states but then Jefferson stopped paying and then war. The war was inconclusive and the U.S. went back to paying the tribute.

Impressment

Forcing men to enlist in military service. Used by England in order to grow the size of the Royal Navy, kidnapped Americans to serve.

Embargo Act

Thomas Jefferson- prohibited American ships fro, trading with foreign countries

Non-Intercourse Act

replaced the Embargo Act in 1809, reopening trade with all nations except Britain and France

Macon’s Bill No. 2

Intended to motivate Great Britain and France to stop seizing American vessels during the Napoleonic Wars. Lifted all embargoes with Britain and France for 3 months.

War Hawks

Members of Congress who put pressure on President James Madison to declare war against Britain in 1812

Battle of Tippecanoe

Governor William Henry Harrison led troops against a confederacy of all Indian tribes west of the Mississippi

War of 1812

Military conflict between US and Great Britain, sparked by British interference with American trade and impressment of American soldiers by the British Navy.

Battle of New Orleans

War of 1812, American forces led by General Andrew Jackson defeated British forces.

Treaty of Ghent

Peace treaty that ended War of 1812, Britain agreed to relinquish claims to the Northwest Territory, and both pledged to work towards ending the slave trade.

Hartford Convention

Gathering of New England Federalists where they secretly debated and rejected secession. Instead, they drafted constitutional amendments strengthening state controls over commerce and militias.

Creek War (Red Stick War)

Regional war between opposing Creek factions, European empires, and the US that largely took place in Alabama and along the Gulf Coast.

Rush-Bagot Agreement

Drastically reduced the tensions between the US and Britain, leading to flourishing economies on both ends.

Tariff of 1816

First protective tariff in American history, created primarily to shield New England manufacturers from the inflow of British goods after the War of 1812.

American System

Tariff to protect and promote American industry, National bank to foster commerce, federal subsidies for roads, canals and other internal improvements to develop profitable markets for agriculture.

Era of Good Feelings

Characterized by a decline in partisan conflicts because Federalist Party was losing influence. Economic growth, territorial expansion, and a sense of American nationalism.

Second Bank of the U.S.

Oversaw smaller banks and issued bank notes, collected taxes, operate the US’s bank, served as a commercial bank. Carried goal to provide a stable national economy.

Panic of 1819

Exacerbated by the failure of several banks, which contributed to a lack of confidence in the financial system and a credit crunch.

Land Act of 1820

Federal law that eliminated the purchase of public land in the US on credit

Tallmadge Amendment

Prohibited further introduction of slavery and allowed emancipation for all slave children born in Missouri at age 25

Peculiar Institutions

Slaves- life of incessant toil, brutal punishment, and the constant fear that their families would be destroyed by sale. But they were good for the economy

Missouri Compromise

Agreed that Missouri would be admitted as a slave state but Maine as a free state to keep the balance between the North and the South.

Know-Nothing Party

Came after the Whig party, fueled by the fears that the country was being overwhelmed by German and Irish immigrants

American Party

Nativists, basically official name of know-nothing party

Potato Famine

Famine when the main crop (potatoes) in Ireland was destroyed by disease

Tammany Hall

New York political organization, drew support from immigrants who relied on Tammany Hall patronage, particularly social services. Asked for their votes on election day in return.

McCulloch v. Maryland

Federal government had the right to set up a Federal bank and states could not tax the Federal Government

Cohens v. Virginia

Court reaffirmed its right to review all state court judgments in cases arising under the federal Constitution or a law of the United States.

Gibbons v. Ogden

Reinforced the “commerce clause” (federal government’s right to regulate interstate commerce)

Fletcher v. Peck

Ruled that a grant to a private land company was a contract within the meaning of the Contract Clause and one made couldn’t be repealed

Dartmouth College v. Woodward

Supreme Court case in which the majority ruled that private contracts are sacred and cannot be modified by the state legislatures

Implied powers

Refers to the powers of the government found in the constitution in unwritten forms

Anglo-American Convention

Pact signed by Britain and the U.S. that allowed New England fishermen access to Newfoundland fisheries, established the northern border of Louisiana territory and provided for the joint occupation of the Oregon Country for ten years.

Adams-Onis Treaty (Florida Purchase)

Between Spain and America where Spain ceded all of Florida to the US and gave up its claim to territory north of the 42nd parallel in the Pacific Northwest in exchange for Texas.

Monroe Doctrine

Policy by President James Monroe indicating that further colonization by Europe in the Western Hemisphere would be considered a hostile act

Russo-American Treaty

Treaty between Russia and US that set the southern borders of Russian holdings in America

Corrupt Bargain

House elected John Quincy Adams over Andrew Jackson because Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House convinced Congress to elect Adams who then made Clay his Secretary of State

Five Civilized Tribes

Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminoe, considered civilized by Anglo-European settlers because they adopted many of the colonists’ customs.

Spoils System

Political tactic of employing and promoting civil servants who are the supporters and friends of the group in power to office

Tariff of Abominations

Tax on imports that inflates prices while protecting American jobs.

Nullification Crisis

Declared the 1832 tariff null and void in the South Carolina and threatened secession if the federal government tried to collect duties.

Whigs

Originally colonists supporting independence. In the mid 1830s they opposed Jackson’s strong-armed leadership style and policies, promoted protective tariffs, federal funding for internal improvements, and other measures that strengthened the central government.

The Compromise Tariff of 1833

Proposed by Henry Clay and John Calhoun that gradually lowered the tariff to the level of the Tariff of 1816

Force Bill

Authorized by Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832

Indian Removal Act

Removed all Native Americans east of the Mississippi to an “indian territory”

Cherokee Nation v. Georgia

Ruled that the Cherokee tribe did not possess original jurisdiction, Native Americans as domestic dependent nations and not sovereign nations

Worcester v. Georgia

Established tribal sovereignty in the US, stdating that laws passed by US states do not apply within Native American tribal territories.

Trail of Tears

Forced relocation of Native Americans that occured in the late 1830s as part of the US government policy of Native American removal.

Bank War

Political battle between Jackson, Clay, and Nicolas Biddle over the renewal of the US Bank. Jackson vetoed the recharter, put funds in pet banks.

Anti-Masonic Party

Opposed Freemasonry, believing that it was a corrupt and elitist secret society that was ruling much of the country in defiance of republican principles, founded as a single issue party

Pet Banks

Used by Jackson’s opponents to describe the state banks that the federal government used for new revenue deposits in an attempt to destroy the second National Bank.

Specie Circular

Issued by Jackson in 1836, meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper gold or silver (specie) backing it.

Panic of 1837

The start of an economic downturn in the US that lasted several years and led to high unemployment

Alamo

A mission in San Antonio, Texas, that was the site of a famous battle during the Texas Revolution in 1836 where Texan defenders were overrun by Mexican forces.

Goliad

Texas outpost where American volunteers, having laid down their arms and surrendered, were massacred by Mexican Forces in 1836.

Cotton Gin

A machine for cleaning the seeds from cotton fibers invented by Eli Whitney, allowed cotton to become the dominant cash crop in the South.

King Cotton

Term used by Southern authors and orators before the Civil War to indicate the economic dominance of the Southern cotton industry and that the North needed the South’s cotton.

Interchangeable parts

Uniform pieces that can be made in large quantities and replace other identical pieces. Allowed relatively unskilled workers to produce large numbers of weapons quickly and made repair easier and cheaper.

Lowell System

Textile factory system that employed mainly young women from New England farms to increase efficiency, productivity, and profits.

Unions

Organization association of workers formed to protect and further their rights and interests.

Corporations

Business owned by many peopole

Commonwealth v. Hunt

The first judgement in the US that recognized that the conspiracy law is inapplicable to unions and that strikes for a closed shop are legal, and decided that unions are not responsible for the illegal acts of their members.

McCormick Reaper

Cyrus McCormick developed the mechanical reaper in 1831, making farming more efficient and also allowed for corporate farming.

Erie Canal

Canal between New York cities Albany and Buffalo. Spurred the first great westward movement of American settlers, gave access to the rich land and resources west of the Appalachians.

National (Cumberland) Road

First major improved highway in the US to be built by the federal government.

Market Revolution

Period in antebellum America that encompassed the industrial and transportation revolutions. Changed from subsistence farming to large scale cashing farming, regional specialization, immigration, western movement, and growth of cities.

Second Great Awakening

Series of religious revivals starting 1801, based on Methodism and Baptism. Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sects, attracted women, Black people, and Native Americans.

Lyceum

Public lecture hall that hosted speakers on topic ranging from science to moral philosophy.

American Temperance Society

Established in 1826 to combat the drinking problems of men, mostly women.

Transcendentalism

Philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in 1830s and 1840s in which each person has direct communication with God and nature and there is no need for organized churches.

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

Nat Turner led a group of slaves through Virginia in an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow and kill planter families. Made whites fear of more rebellion, making restrictions on slavery tighter.

Slave Codes

Laws passed by south to keep slaves from running away or rebelling.

American Colonization Society

Founded in 1817 to transport black people back to Africa. Most Blacks didn’t want to do so as they were partially Americanized and almost all slaves were native born African-Americans at the time.

Liberia

A West-African settlement intended as a haven for emancipated slaves

The Liberator

First Anti-slavery newspaper created by William Lloyd Garrison in Boston.

An Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World

Written by David Walker in 1829 who was the son of a slave but born free in north Carolina. Argued that American slavery is the worst kind because they are labeled as inhuman, and it’s a completely racial system. Georgia offers reward to anyone who caught him.

American Anti-Slavery Society

Founded in 1833 by William Lloyd Garrison and other abolitionists, burned the Constitution as a pro slavery document. Argued for no Union with slaveholders until they repented their sins by freeing the slaves.