Psych Exam 4 - Terms + Case Studies

We explain others behavior with two types of attributions, what is this called?

Attribution Theory

Factors outside the person doing the action, such as peer pressure, what is this?

Situational attribution

Persons stable enduring traits, personality, ability, and emotions, what is this?

Dispositional attribution

When we go too far in assuming that a person’s behavior is caused by their personality, what is this?

Fundamental attribution error

When you blame your actions on the situation, but you blame other people’s actions on their personality, what is this?

Actor-observer bias

When you take credit for your successes but blame failures on outside factors, what is this?

Self-serving bias

Cultural mindset where people focus on the group over the individual, what is this?

Collectivisim

Cultural mindset where people focus on themselves and their personal goals over the group, what is this?

Individualism

A person’s feelings, beliefs, and thoughts about something in society, like a group, idea, issue, or event that influence how they behave, what is this?

Social attitude

The uncomfortable feeling you get when your actions and beliefs don’t match so you try to change one to feel better, what is this?

Cognitive dissonance

A generalized belief about a group of people, assuming everyone in that group is the same, what is this?

Stereotype

When someone forms negative opinions or feelings about a person just because their race, without actually knowing them, what is this?

Racial prejudice

When someone forms a negative attitude or judgment about a person before actually knowing them, what is this?

Prejudice

When someone acts on their prejudice, treating people unfairly because of their group, what is this?

Discrimination

Quick computer test that measures automatic, unconscious associations you have between groups and traits, what is this?

Implicit association test

When someone feels pressure or anxiety because they’re afraid of confirming a negative stereotype about their group and that stress can actually hurt their performance, what is this?

Stereotype threat

They are the unwritten rules for how people are expected to behave in a group or society, what is this?

Social norms

When you change your behavior so people will like you or so you won’t look weird or judged, what is this?

Normative social influence

When you follow what others are doing because you think they know more than you do, what is this?

Informational social influence

Showed that people will agree with a group even when the group is clearly wrong just to fit in what is this?

Asch’s study of normative influence

We want to fit in, the group is large, everyone else agrees, the situation is unclear, we respect that group, what is this?

Reasons we mostly to conform

We feel confident in our own judgment, we have at least one ally, strongly value independence, dont care about fitting in, what is this?

Reasons we don’t conform

When you perform better on easy or well-practiced tasks when other people are watching but you perform worse on hard or new tasks with an audience, what is this?

Social facilitation

When you go along with a request from someone, even if they’re not an authority, usually to be polite, avoid conflict, or get something in return, what is this?

Compliance

When someone gets you to agree to a small request first, and once you say yes, you’re more likely to agree to a bigger request later, what is this?

Foot-in-the-door

When someone starts with a huge request you’ll likely refuse, then follows with a smaller request you’re more likely to accept, what is this?

Door-in-the-face

A one time deal, what is this?

Scarcity

When people put in less effort when working in a group than when working alone, what is this?

Social loafing

When people are less likely to help someone in need if there are other people around, because everyone assumes someone else will do it, what is this?

Bystander effect

When people lose their sense of individual identity in a group and act in ways they normally wouldn’t, what is this?

Deindividuation

When a group makes a bad decisions because everyone wants to agree and avoid conflict, rather than speak up with their own ideas, what is this?

Groupthink

The part of your brain that processes information slowly and carefully, allowing for deliberate, conscious thinking, and decision making, what is this?

Conscious high track

The part of your brain that processes information automatically and quickly, without you thinking about it consciously, what is this?

Unconscious low track

When a person can respond to things they can’t consciously see, usually because of damage to part of the brain that processes vision, what is this?

Blindsight

The delay in reaction when the meaning of a word conflicts with its color, what is this?

Stroop effect

When you focus on one thing and ignore other distractions around you, what is this?

Selective attention

What are the types of selective inattention?

Change and inattentional blindness

When you don’t notice a big change in your environment because your attention is elsewhere, what is this?

Change blindness

When you fail to see something obvious because you’re focused on something else, what is this?

Inattentional blindness

The brain’s ability to change and adapt by forming new connections, especially after learning or injury, what is this?

Plasticity

When brain cells die and can no longer send or receive messages, what is this?

Neuronal death

The process of how people learn, think, and understand the world as they grow, what is this?

Cognitive development

What are the Piaget’s stages?

Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal operational

First stage of Piaget’s, birth to 2 years when babies learn about the world through their senses and actions, what is this?

Sensorimotor

The understanding that things still exist even when you can’t see them, what is this?

Object permanence

Using symbols, words, or images to stand for objects or ideas in your mind, what is this?

Symbolic representation

Second stage of Piaget’s, ages 2-7, when kids use symbols and words but can’t think logically yet, what is this?

Preoperational

When a child can’t see things from another person’s perspective and thinks everyone sees the world like they do, what is this?

Egocentric thinking

The ability to understand that other people have their own thoughts, feelings, and perspectives that may be different from yours, what is this?

Theory of mind

Third stage of Piaget’s, ages 7-11, when kids start thinking logically about concrete things, but not abstract ideas yet, what is this?

Concrete operational

Fourth stage of Piaget’s, ages 12- up, when people can think abstractly, logically, and hypothetically, what is this?

Formal operational

The range of tasks a learner can do with help, but can’t do alone, what is this?

Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development

When someone helps you learn a new skill by giving support, hints, or guidance, and gradually reduces help as you get better, what is this?

Social scaffolding

A research method by Mary Ainsworth to study how babies form attachments to their caregivers, what is this?

Strange situation

When a child feels safe and loved, and trust their caregiver will be there when needed, what is this?

Secure attachment

When a child worries that their caregiver might leave and becomes clingy or upset, what is this?

Anxious attachment

When a child closeness or emotional connection because they expect the caregiver to be unavailable or unresponsive, what is this?

Avoidant attachment

A specific structured system of symbols, what is this?

Language

The broader process of exchanging information what is this?

Communication

When one thing depends on another, often used in learning or behavior, what is this?

Contingency

When your behavior affects how other people respond to you, and their response affects your future behavior, what is this?

Social contingency

When events or outcomes happen automatically, not because of another person’s response, what is this?

Non-social contingency

The ability to understand language like words, sentences, or signs, when you hear or read them, what is this?

Receptive language

The ability to produce or use language to communicate, what is this?

Productive language

The way adults talk to babies using slow speech, higher pitch, exaggerated tone, and simple words to help them learn language, what is this?

Infant-directed sppech

When two people focus on the same thing at the same time and are aware of each other’s attention, what is this?

Joint attention

When children assume objects with the same shape have the same name, even if they differ in color or texture, what is this?

Shape bias

When children assume that each object has only one name, so a new word probably refers to an object they don’t already have a name for, what is this?

Mutual exclusivity

When children assume a new word refers to the whole object, not just a part, color, or feature of it, what is this?

Word object

When a baby uses a single word to express a whole idea or sentence, what is this?

Holophrastic speech

When toddlers use short, simple sentences that include only the most important words, what is this?

Telegraphic speech

When a child uses one word too broadly, applying it to things that aren’t really the same, what is this?

Overextenseion

When a child uses a word too narrowly, applying it only to a specific object instead of all similar ones, what is this?

Underextension