resource partitioning
species divide shared resources by specializing in different ways
character displacement
competing species evolve physical characteristics that reflect their reliance on the portion of the resource they use
symbiosis
mutualism in which the organisms live in close physical contact
amensalism
one is harmed one is unaffected
allelopathy
certain plants release harmful chemicals
facilitation
plants that create shade and leaf litter allow seedlings to grow
producers
first trophic level (autotrophs)
chemosynthetic bacteria
use geothermal energy in hot spring or deep sea vents to produce their food
stromatolites
accretionary structures formed in shallow water by cementation of cyanobacteria and other microorganisms
consumers
organisms that consume producers can be primary(second trophic), secondary(third trophic), tertiary(4th trophic)
detritivores
scavenge waste products or dead bodies
decomposers
break down leaf litter and other non-living material
keystone species
a species that has a particularly strong or far reaching impact in ecological communities
primary succession
disturbance eliminated all vegetation and or soil life
secondary succession
a disturbance dramatically alters but does not destroy all local organisms
ecological restoration
returning an area to earlier conditions
biome
major regional complex of similar communities recognized by temp, plants
climatographs
shows an areas mean monthly temperature and precipitation
what are earths biomes (10)
tundra, boreal forest, temperate deciduous, temperate grasslands, temperate rainforest, tropical rainforest, tropical dry forest, savannah, desert, Mediterranean
demography
the application of populations ecology principles to the study of statistical change in human populations
paleolithic period
use of fire 1.5 mill shape and used stone
Neolithic stage
agricultural revolution 10,000 to 12,000 years ago
industrial revolution
began mid 1700s a shift from rural life, improvements in medicine, enhanced agriculture
crude birth/death rate
number of births/deaths per 1000 individuals
total fertility rate
average number of children born per female member of a population during her lifetime
replacement fertility
the TFR that keeps the size of a population stable
demographic transition
a model of economic and cultural change to explain the declining death and birth rates in industrializing nations
read over chapter 6 slides