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During routine pre-transfusion testing, and Rh typing must always be performed.
ABO
Weak D testing is _______ for patients, but required for donor red cell components during manufacturing.
NOT required
To detect most clinically significant antibodies, the antibody screen must include incubation at 37 °C and testing at the phase.
antiglobulin (AHG)
The FDA list of clinically significant antibodies includes D, C, E, c, e, M, N, S, s, P1, Lea, Leb, K, k, Fya, Fyb, Jka, and .
Jkb
In tube testing, additives such as LISS, PEG, or enzymes are classified as methods.
enhancement
Solid-phase and column agglutination (gel) are examples of antibody detection systems.
tubeless
A positive autocontrol during antibody identification should prompt performance of a .
Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT)
The DAT detects in-vivo sensitization of red cells with or complement.
IgG
An _______ spin crossmatch is designed solely to detect ABO incompatibility when no clinically significant antibodies are present.
immediate
When a clinically significant antibody is detected, crossmatched donor units must be antigen and tested through 37 °C and AHG.
negative
Electronic (computer) crossmatch requires two independent determinations of the recipient’s group.
ABO
The minimum statistical requirement for confirming antibody specificity is a probability value of or less.
0.05
Fisher’s Exact Method uses three antigen-positive and three antigen-negative cells, giving a 1 in chance of a random pattern.
20
Elution techniques such as acid or heat are often used to investigate a positive DAT in cases like or hemolytic transfusion reactions.
Hemolytic Disease of the Fetus & Newborn (HDFN)
Warm or cold autoantibodies may require to uncover underlying alloantibodies.
adsorption
Autoadsorption should only be done if the patient has not been transfused within the past months.
3
Front-type ABO discrepancies caused by weak or missing antigens can be resolved by increasing incubation time or using treatment to enhance antigens.
enzyme
Excess plasma proteins causing rouleaux may create apparent additional antigens; the primary corrective step is a replacement.
saline
Back-type discrepancies with weak or missing antibodies are common in newborns because reverse grouping is not required under months of age.
4
A 0.01 M treatment destroys IgM cold-reactive autoantibodies coating patient cells.
dithiothreitol (DTT)
Daratumumab (anti-CD38) therapy can cause pan-reactivity in IAT testing, but red cells treated with eliminate this interference.
DTT
The half-life of prophylactic Rh immune globulin (RhIg) is approximately days.
28
Immediate spin crossmatch or electronic crossmatch may be the sole method only if the patient has no present or historical antibodies.
clinically significant
Antibody identification relies on both positive reactions for pattern recognition and negative reactions to antibodies from consideration.
rule out
A mixed-field reaction in ABO typing often indicates recent transfusion, stem-cell transplant, or .
bone-marrow transplant
Polyagglutination in newborn samples can be caused by contaminating jelly.
Wharton’s
Phenotype or genotype (molecular) typing is particularly useful in multiply transfused patients such as those with disease.
sickle-cell
All discrepancies in donor ABO typing must be resolved before a unit is .
issued for transfusion
Computer crossmatch software must contain logic to alert the user of in data entry or testing.
discrepancies
Rule-out in antibody ID states that if an antigen is present on a non-reactive panel cell, the corresponding antibody is tentatively .
excluded
For front-type weak antigen discrepancies, adsorption/elution or typing can definitively identify subgroups.
molecular
High-incidence antibodies may be suspected when adsorption studies remove all reactivity yet donor cells are still .
incompatible
A newborn’s DAT is used to investigate possible maternal crossing the placenta.
IgG antibodies
In antibody screens, clinically insignificant antibodies should be detected as as possible to avoid delays.
infrequently
Adsorption with selected donor cells is necessary when the patient’s own cells show a population due to recent transfusion.
dual (mixed-field)
Weak D testing at the hospital is not required for confirmatory typing of donor units labeled as Rh .
negative
The presence of anti-B in a 93-year-old A-positive patient’s serum may be detected only after prolonged room-temperature or incubation.
immunoglobulin-enhanced (IAT/extended)
RhIg administration may cause a transient, weakly reactive antibody in pregnant Rh-negative women.
anti-D
Units selected for a patient with Anti-M need only be compatible at /IAT because Anti-M is usually not clinically significant.
37 °C
Patients requiring transfusion who have Anti-Fya and Anti-S should receive red cells negative for and S antigens.
Fya