china bits

what were the shanghai massacres initially part of

the northern expedition

why were the GMD able to start attacking the CCP

the CCP had organised strikes and established trade unions in shanghai in march 1927 - able to take shanghai quickly

who were the GMD allies who assisted in SM

Du's green gang

CCP number

58,000 to 10,000

what had the united front created in the GMD

caused GMD split within the party - more left wing led by Wei vs more right wing

what was the white terror

The violent persecution of the Communists by the GMD.

when was it and how many killed

12 april - 5,000

impact of shanghai massacres

GMD became more nationalist than socialist

why did japan invade china

due to depression - US withdrew trade and japan unable to obtain raw materials needed for consumer goods - China had raw materials

from 1931 what did japan do

ruled manchuria as a puppet state with Puyi as puppet-ruler

why did CKS eventually start war

the warlords - who's deals CKS relied on - in 1936 they put pressure on him to force japanese out

which 3 cities did japan initially capture

nanjing, shanghai and beijing

stats from rape of Nanjing

20,000 raped and 300,000 killed

what did the Japanese establish

new government of China - with Wei leader

following pearl harbour what did US do

gave 1 billion dollars and use of weapons to china - able to defeat Japan by overstretching them

how did the CCP gain popularity

- 8 points of attention meant they didn't steal from peasants

- won over landlords through rent control and interest free loans

how did CCP popularity help them

ablet o recruit red army and provided food, shelter and info to them

what and when was the 100 regiments offensive

1940 - red army destroyed 1,000km of railway - increased support as willing to destroy Japan

why were GMD weaker in civil war

- chonquing bombed 268 times

- used army to defeat communists - captured 10,000 of them

- unpopular with peasants - imposed high taxes - black market led to financial inequality - attempted peasant conscription

what were the 3 stages of the civil war

- stage 1 GMD successful as captured yanan and lots of cities

- stage 2 - PLA used conventional warfare - pushed army into central and western China

- stage 3 - both sides fighting

Battle of Huai-Hai

- nov 1948

- CKS made stand at Xuzhou - failed - PLA strengthened by NRA deserters and Mao's scorched earth policy meant they didn't have enough food - CKS refused to retreat so lost 200,000 men - ended US funding having given 3 billion

military reasons ccp won civil war

- Mao and lin biao skilled military leaders vs CKS who had little authority and refused to retreat resulting in loss of men

- PLA had 4m men and used range of varying tactics based upon situation - initially guerilla then conventional warfare once NRA was weak

- PLA treated peasants with respect and were loyal - NRA were conscript army and had 1.5 million desertions

political reasons

- Maos leadership unchallenged and secured chain of command

- propaganda indoctrinated troops with communist ideals

CKS government favoured bankers, merchants and landlords - officials had taken bribes and ineffective reforms were introduced

economic and social reasons

- CCP introduced land reforms - redistributed land to the poorer peasants

- CKS printed money to finance gov which caused inflation at 3000%- destroying middle class savings - the base of his popularity

how many extermination campaigns were there

5 - 4 unsuccessful

why were first 4 unsuccessful

- communists refused to fight conventional warfare

- troops reacted violently to peasants by burning down villages and seizing crops due to poor food supply and dirty water = anger

how many peasants killed between 1930-34

more than a million

what happened in the 5th

established blockade to deprive food and built 11,000km of road for quick troop

who was new military egenral

von sheekt

what did he establish

defensive blockhouses to force htem back and provide shelter - able to use scorched earth policy

what was involved in dengs privatisation

SEzs and TVEs

why did these policies become a thing

dengs open door policy meant that they based the policies on systems that chinese officials picked up on in travels to taiwan, south korea and even republic of ireland

what were SEZs

special economic zones

where were they initially found

on the coast

how were they owned, what was imposed and what was encouraged

privately owned, low taxes and foreign investment ecnouraged

what was the focus of seza

on developing export industries - western countries were attracted by opportunity to use cheap chinese labour and raw materials

what did foreign investment and chinese exports do

foreign investment quadrupled and chinese exports went up by 500%

what were TVEs

town and village enterprises

where were they

inland

how were they run

small scale privately owned businesses - few restrictions on production and distribution - they could sell goods for profit

how many people did they employ

100m

how did people view westernisation

ccp frustrated about western cultures influence on youth - thought they were corrupted by decadent capitalist influence - undermining communism

affects of westernisation

western productions and foreign books translated and sold

sezs focal point for growing economic relationship with the west

why was the cultural revolution out of control

jan 1967 red guards in shanghai replaced CCP government with democratic commune

why did the hundred flowers campaign become out of control

teachers and lecturers began to hold rallies, produce wall posters nad public own magasine calling for freedom of speech ,free elections and criticisng maos use of terror

impact of 100 flowers

5-10% of top officials were sacket / 500,000 to camps / strict cencorship and control

why was northern expedition a success

- anger at warlords treatment so many armies revolted against them

- deals

- NRA had 100,000 well equipped soldiers - funded by rich elite businesses - treated peasants nicely unlike japanese army in rape of nanjing

- mao propaganda in ccp farmers movement training institutre - peasants served as guides - promised land to peasants

why were GMD weak following shanghai amssacres

- feng and xishan never fully accepted authority and rebelled in1929-31

- tried to apply reforms to civil service, transport and education - limited - not able to remove foreign powers as relied on loans

what did foreign powers bring in 1900

technology to change chinas economy and missionaries to convert traditional beliefs of confucianism and buddhism to Christianity

what type of rule was qing

imperial

what else did self strengthening reofrms establsih

new army under manchu control - expensive so chun increased taxes on goods

what did yuan shikai promise

to turn imperial ruling to a republic

what did new tide reject and adopt

rejected old fashioned ideas and adopted democracy, freedom and equal rites

what was whampoa military academy

set up by sun yat sen to train GMD soldiers

why did ussr want united front to happen

wanted to protect border with china - ccp too small and marxism was based on workers to which there were little

when did the british commander kill 12 people

30 may 1925 - from international settlement

tactics in northern expedition

armies would surround warlords and cut off supply lines

why did gmd hate ccp

cks from rich classes of china and gmd mainly businessmen -

what did long march provide

martyrs for communist cause

how did ccp win over peasnats

proposing democractic dictatorship and use of posters to spread key messages

what did modernisation require

more workers required in towns to develop industries but also needed enough good to support them

what was agrarian reform law

destruction of old elite and won over to communism as people took vengeance on old landlords

what did APCs create demand for

machinery which in turn boosted industry

why was there no incentive in communes

werent able to sell things for profit

what was pests thing known as

four noes campaign

what did communes mean for women

less domestic responsibility as communal mess halls - more economic role

what was anti rifhtist campaigns

forced to confess evil thoughts

what did treaty of friendship allow

china to develop nuclear power to boost industry

what were the four olds

habits, ideas, cultures and customs

how many killed by red guard in guanxi province alone

67,000

what did cal do after CR

260m to 206m - shortage of trains due to transprort of RG = lack of imports and exports

what were farmers allowed to do in xiang

concentrate on crop that grew best in areas

what did state order for birth control

late term aboritons and sterilisations