Ap European History Period 3 Vocabulary

Corporate banks

Banks of continental europe; with limited liability where one would lose only what he invested; supported industrialization by being able to take risks, allowed continent to catch up to great britain

Trans-Siberian railroad

Constructed in 1870s to connect European Russia with the Pacific; completed by the end of the 1880s; brought Russia into a more active Asian role.

Thomas Malthus

Claimed that population grows at an exponential rate while food production increases arithmetically, and thereby that, eventually, population growth would outpace food production

Proletariat

The industrial working class who, according to Marx, were unfairly exploited by the profit-seeking bourgoisie

"Cult of Domesticity"

Social customs that restricted women to caring for the house: the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband

Demographic Transition

The process of change in a society's population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase, and a higher total population.

Socialism

Taught that society could work better if organized by the government to help the poor

The Communist Manifesto

The book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that outlined how every society in the world would eventually reach communism

Luddites

A group of handcraft workers that attacked whole factories in Northern England by smashing machines, which they believed were putting them out of work

Chartists

Reformers who wanted changes like universal male suffrage; the secret ballot; and payment for members of Parliament, so that even workingmen could afford to enter politics. This group supported a document called the People's Charter.

Prince Klemens von Metternich

Austrian statesman and diplomat; was the Austrian representative at the congress of Vienna; wanted to restore the balance of power, make Europe peaceful, restore the old monarchs, and compensate the allies for their lost

Concert of Europe

An agreement by various Great Powers (Austria, Britain, Russia, and Prussia) to put down any future revolutions through military force (to preserve the balance of power)

Edmund Burke

Human society needed the structure of a strong, responsible government or else people would become selfish and violent, and lead to civil strife

The Sorrows of the Young Werther

Novel by Goethe about a sensitive young man whose hopeless love for a virtuous married woman drives him to suicide; showed them of individualism and developed the idea of a romantic hero, who defies the world and sacrifices himself for some great cause

Gothic Literature

A literary genre popular during the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th; this genre usually portrayed fantastic tales dealing with horror, despair, the grotesque, and other "dark" subjects

Decembrist Revolt

Abortive attempt by army officers to take control of the Russian government upon the death of Tsar Alexander I in 1825

Zollverein

A coalition of German states formed to manage tariffs and economic policies within their territories

Ultra-royalists

In nineteenth-century France, a group of aristocrats who sought to return to a monarchical system dominated by a landed aristocracy and the Catholic Church.

Louis XVIII

French monarch who was restored to the throne by the allies after Napoleon was defeated.

Reform bill of 1832

Act of Parliament that transferred voting priviledges from small rotten boroughs controlled by nobility and gentry to large industrial towns controlled by middle class

Corn Laws

These laws forbade the importation of foreign grain without the prices in England rising substantially

Johann Goethe

One of the greatest figures of Western literature, wrote "The Sorrows of the Young Werther" , focused on the heroic genius that succeeds in spite of society, wrote "Faust" which was the first work to portray the Devil as the gentleman Mephistopheles

Ivanhoe

A novel written in 1819 by Sir Walter Scott set in the Middle ages during the time of the Crusades

Peterloo Massacre

1819, cavalry attacked a crowd of protesters (working-class men protesting about the rising prices of bread) at St. Peter's Fields in Manchester. This led Parliament to become more repressive and begin to restrict such meetings.

Quadruple Alliance

Alliance between Prussia, Austria, Russia, and Great Britain. Pledged to act together to maintain balance of power and suppress revolutionary uprisings following the French Revolution.

Plebiscite

Vote of the people

Napoleon III

Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte, and elected emperor of France from 1852-1870, he invaded Mexico when the Mexican government couldn't repay loans from French bankers. He sent in an army and set up a new government under Maximillian. He refused Lincoln's request that France withdraw. After the Civil War, the U.S. sent an army to enforce the request and Napoleon withdrew.

Crimean War

War fought between the Russian Empire on one side and an alliance of the British Empire, French Empire, the Ottoman Empire, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the Duchy of Nassau on the other.

Victor Emmanuel

Leader in Northern Italy that made plans to unite Italy into one country; became King of Italy

Camillo Benso di Cavour

Chief minister of Sardinia who entered into a secret agreement with Napoleon III to plan a war against Austria

Florence Nightingale

Founder of modern nursing

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882).

Realpolitik

"Realistic politics," practical politics, ends justified the means, power more important than principles

Third Republic

The republic that was established in France after the downfall of Napoleon III and ended with the German occupation of France during World War II

Dreyfus Affair

1894 Falsely charged for supplying French secrets to the Germans. Coincidentally a jew. Found guilty and sent to Devil's Island. After 10 years there he was given a full pardon by President Loubet

Pan-Slavism

A movement to create a nation state of Slavic people

Bolsheviks

A party of revolutionary Marxists, led by Vladimir Lenin, who seized power in Russia in 1917.

Marie Curie

Notable female Polish/French chemist and physicist around the turn of the 20th century. Won two nobel prizes. Did pioneering work in radioactivity.

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.

Cubism

A style of art in which the subject matter is portrayed by geometric forms, especially cubes

Tropical dependencies

Western European possessions in Africa, Asia, and the South Pacific where small numbers of Europeans ruled large indigenous populations

Settlement colonies

Areas, such as North America and Australia, that were both conquered by European invaders and settled by large numbers of European migrants who made the colonized areas their permanent home and dispersed and decimated the indigenous inhabitants.

Nawabs

Muslim princes

Canton System

A system to control foreign trade which confined all trading to the port of Canton

Berlin Conference

A meeting from 1884-1885 at which representatives of European nations agreed on rules colonization of Africa

Balkan League

An alliance between Greece, Serbia, Bulgaria, and Montenegro to drive the Ottomans out of their land

Scramble for Africa

Sudden wave of conquests in Africa by European powers in the 1880s and 1890s. Britain obtained most of eastern Africa, France most of northwestern Africa. Other countries (Germany, Belgium, Portugal, Italy, and Spain) acquired lesser amounts.

Origin of Species

Charles Darwin

Indentured Servants

Colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years

Opium Wars

Wars between Britain and the Qing Empire (mind 1800s), caused by the Qing government's refusal to let Britain import Opium. China lost and Britain and most other European powers were able to develop a strong trade presence throughout China against their wishes.