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Most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
Key symptoms of RSV
Cough, congestion, fever, wheezing, retractions, feeding difficulty
Infants at highest risk for severe RSV
<6 months, preterm, LBW, CHD, Down syndrome, immunocompromised
Hallmark cough in croup
Barking, 'seal-like' cough with inspiratory stridor, worse at night
Nursing interventions for croup
Corticosteroids, cool mist or steam, fluids, keep child calm
Cystic fibrosis definition
Autosomal recessive disorder of exocrine glands causing thick mucus in lungs & GI
Diagnostic test for CF
Sweat chloride test (>60 mEq/L = positive)
Nursing care for CF
Pancreatic enzymes with meals, high-protein/high-fat diet, CPT, infection prevention
When fetal heart fully forms
By 8 weeks gestation
PDA closure timing
Within the first few days of birth
Foramen ovale closure timing
Within 6-12 months after birth
Most common acyanotic defect
Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Large VSD symptoms
FTT, tachypnea, fatigue, heart failure
ASD/VSD shunt direction
Left-to-right
PDA murmur description
Washing machine-like murmur
Medication to close PDA
Indomethacin (NSAID)
Medication to keep PDA open
Prostaglandin E
Four defects in Tetralogy of Fallot
Pulmonary stenosis, Right ventricular hypertrophy, Overriding aorta, VSD
Cause of a Tet spell
Increased activity (crying, feeding) causing acute hypoxemia
Nursing intervention for Tet spell
Knee-to-chest position, calm child, O₂, IV fluids
Key finding in coarctation of the aorta
Bounding upper pulses, weak femoral pulses
Acyanotic defect definition
Left-to-right shunt → Pink baby
Cyanotic defect definition
Right-to-left shunt → Blue baby
Rheumatic fever cause
Untreated group A β-hemolytic strep throat
Rheumatic fever complication
Rheumatic heart disease → mitral valve damage
Post-cardiac cath priority
Keep leg straight, monitor for bleeding or loss of distal pulse
Appendicitis hallmark symptom
RLQ pain, fever, nausea, vomiting
Sign of appendicitis perforation
Sudden relief of pain → fever, rigid abdomen
Hirschsprung's hallmark in newborns
Failure to pass meconium in first 48 hours
Stool characteristic in Hirschsprung's
Ribbon-like stool
Intussusception hallmark
Currant jelly stools, sausage-shaped mass
Pyloric stenosis hallmark
Projectile vomiting after feeding, palpable 'olive' in RUQ
Biliary atresia signs
Persistent jaundice beyond 2 weeks, hepatomegaly
Biliary atresia treatment
Surgery (Kasai) to attach intestine to liver for bile drainage
Ulcerative colitis vs Crohn's
UC = continuous colon/rectum
Crohn's = skip lesions
GI complication of CF
Pancreatic insufficiency → greasy, foul stools
Type 1 DM cause
Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
Sick day management for DM1
Continue insulin, monitor glucose closely, encourage fluids, check ketones
Hypoglycemia signs
Shakiness, sweating, confusion, hunger, irritability
First action for hypoglycemia
Give simple carb (4 oz OJ), recheck in 15 minutes
Diabetes insipidus cause
Deficiency of ADH (posterior pituitary)
Classic DI symptoms
Polyuria, polydipsia, dehydration, irritability relieved by water
DI treatment
DDAVP (Vasopressin) lifelong therapy
Congenital hypothyroidism hallmark
Lethargy, large tongue, constipation, prolonged jaundice
Treatment time for congenital hypothyroidism
Within 2-6 weeks of life to prevent intellectual disability
2-month vaccines mnemonic
BDRHIP → Hep B, DTaP, RV, Hib, IPV, PCV
4-month vaccines
DTaP, RV, Hib, IPV, PCV
6-month vaccines
BDRHIP + Influenza
12-15-month vaccines mnemonic
MMR, Varicella, Hep A, Hib, PCV
4-6-year vaccines mnemonic
DIM → DTaP, IPV, MMR, Varicella
11-12-year vaccines mnemonic
Teens Have Maturity → Tdap, HPV, Meningococcal
Live vaccines mnemonic
My Real Virus Zooms → MMR, Rotavirus, Varicella, Zoster
Contraindications mnemonic
SICK → Severe illness, Immunocompromised, Circulating antibodies, Known allergy
Bacterial conjunctivitis teaching
Hand hygiene, separate towels, avoid rubbing eyes
Newborn conjunctivitis causes
Chlamydia (5-14d) or Gonorrhea (2-5d)
Giardia transmission
Contaminated water/food, fecal-oral route
Giardia treatment
Metronidazole (Flagyl) or Tindamax
Measles hallmark
Koplik spots on mucosa, rash after 3-4 days, airborne precautions
Roseola hallmark
High fever 3-5 days → rash appears as fever breaks
Hand-Foot-Mouth hallmark
Sores in mouth, rash on hands/feet, lasts 7-10 days, supportive care
Test for CF
Sweat chloride test
Test for appendicitis
CBC (↑ WBC), abdominal US or CT
Test for biliary atresia
HIDA scan or liver biopsy
Test for congenital heart defects
Echocardiogram (ECHO)