Pediatric Respiratory and Cardiac Conditions: Key Facts and Interventions

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65 Terms

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Most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants

Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)

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Key symptoms of RSV

Cough, congestion, fever, wheezing, retractions, feeding difficulty

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Infants at highest risk for severe RSV

<6 months, preterm, LBW, CHD, Down syndrome, immunocompromised

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Hallmark cough in croup

Barking, 'seal-like' cough with inspiratory stridor, worse at night

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Nursing interventions for croup

Corticosteroids, cool mist or steam, fluids, keep child calm

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Cystic fibrosis definition

Autosomal recessive disorder of exocrine glands causing thick mucus in lungs & GI

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Diagnostic test for CF

Sweat chloride test (>60 mEq/L = positive)

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Nursing care for CF

Pancreatic enzymes with meals, high-protein/high-fat diet, CPT, infection prevention

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When fetal heart fully forms

By 8 weeks gestation

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PDA closure timing

Within the first few days of birth

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Foramen ovale closure timing

Within 6-12 months after birth

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Most common acyanotic defect

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

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Large VSD symptoms

FTT, tachypnea, fatigue, heart failure

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ASD/VSD shunt direction

Left-to-right

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PDA murmur description

Washing machine-like murmur

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Medication to close PDA

Indomethacin (NSAID)

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Medication to keep PDA open

Prostaglandin E

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Four defects in Tetralogy of Fallot

Pulmonary stenosis, Right ventricular hypertrophy, Overriding aorta, VSD

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Cause of a Tet spell

Increased activity (crying, feeding) causing acute hypoxemia

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Nursing intervention for Tet spell

Knee-to-chest position, calm child, O₂, IV fluids

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Key finding in coarctation of the aorta

Bounding upper pulses, weak femoral pulses

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Acyanotic defect definition

Left-to-right shunt → Pink baby

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Cyanotic defect definition

Right-to-left shunt → Blue baby

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Rheumatic fever cause

Untreated group A β-hemolytic strep throat

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Rheumatic fever complication

Rheumatic heart disease → mitral valve damage

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Post-cardiac cath priority

Keep leg straight, monitor for bleeding or loss of distal pulse

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Appendicitis hallmark symptom

RLQ pain, fever, nausea, vomiting

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Sign of appendicitis perforation

Sudden relief of pain → fever, rigid abdomen

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Hirschsprung's hallmark in newborns

Failure to pass meconium in first 48 hours

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Stool characteristic in Hirschsprung's

Ribbon-like stool

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Intussusception hallmark

Currant jelly stools, sausage-shaped mass

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Pyloric stenosis hallmark

Projectile vomiting after feeding, palpable 'olive' in RUQ

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Biliary atresia signs

Persistent jaundice beyond 2 weeks, hepatomegaly

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Biliary atresia treatment

Surgery (Kasai) to attach intestine to liver for bile drainage

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Ulcerative colitis vs Crohn's

UC = continuous colon/rectum

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Crohn's = skip lesions

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GI complication of CF

Pancreatic insufficiency → greasy, foul stools

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Type 1 DM cause

Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells

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Sick day management for DM1

Continue insulin, monitor glucose closely, encourage fluids, check ketones

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Hypoglycemia signs

Shakiness, sweating, confusion, hunger, irritability

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First action for hypoglycemia

Give simple carb (4 oz OJ), recheck in 15 minutes

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Diabetes insipidus cause

Deficiency of ADH (posterior pituitary)

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Classic DI symptoms

Polyuria, polydipsia, dehydration, irritability relieved by water

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DI treatment

DDAVP (Vasopressin) lifelong therapy

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Congenital hypothyroidism hallmark

Lethargy, large tongue, constipation, prolonged jaundice

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Treatment time for congenital hypothyroidism

Within 2-6 weeks of life to prevent intellectual disability

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2-month vaccines mnemonic

BDRHIP → Hep B, DTaP, RV, Hib, IPV, PCV

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4-month vaccines

DTaP, RV, Hib, IPV, PCV

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6-month vaccines

BDRHIP + Influenza

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12-15-month vaccines mnemonic

MMR, Varicella, Hep A, Hib, PCV

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4-6-year vaccines mnemonic

DIM → DTaP, IPV, MMR, Varicella

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11-12-year vaccines mnemonic

Teens Have Maturity → Tdap, HPV, Meningococcal

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Live vaccines mnemonic

My Real Virus Zooms → MMR, Rotavirus, Varicella, Zoster

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Contraindications mnemonic

SICK → Severe illness, Immunocompromised, Circulating antibodies, Known allergy

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Bacterial conjunctivitis teaching

Hand hygiene, separate towels, avoid rubbing eyes

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Newborn conjunctivitis causes

Chlamydia (5-14d) or Gonorrhea (2-5d)

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Giardia transmission

Contaminated water/food, fecal-oral route

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Giardia treatment

Metronidazole (Flagyl) or Tindamax

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Measles hallmark

Koplik spots on mucosa, rash after 3-4 days, airborne precautions

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Roseola hallmark

High fever 3-5 days → rash appears as fever breaks

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Hand-Foot-Mouth hallmark

Sores in mouth, rash on hands/feet, lasts 7-10 days, supportive care

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Test for CF

Sweat chloride test

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Test for appendicitis

CBC (↑ WBC), abdominal US or CT

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Test for biliary atresia

HIDA scan or liver biopsy

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Test for congenital heart defects

Echocardiogram (ECHO)