Wars of the Roses - Edward's 2nd reign and Richard III

What did Henry have to do as king in 1470

Declare war on Burgundy in return for help of Louis XI

Who was unhappy with the war on Burgundy

Parliament, merchants, Somerset, Exeter - had wanted to freeze out Edward

Who funded Edward

Charles of Burgundy gave him 5,000 crowns, 1,500 men and ships

When did Edward land in England, and who DIDN’T stop him

Landed in 1471, was not stopped by Lord Montagu or Northumberland

Battle of Barnet

April 1471

Battle of Barnet tactics

Edward and his army crept closer and outflanked the Lancastrians during the night, held fire while Lancastrians shot over their head, Montagu’s men accidentally attacked Oxford’s men (foggy morning)

Outcome of battle of Tewkesbury

Edward, Prince of Wales was killed

‘New Monarchy’

A type of monarchy emerging in this period that had centralised power, power to ‘new men’ who were not from hereditary noble lines but those best for the job, and owned everything to the King

Leader of France 1471

Louis XI

Leader of Burgundy 1471

Charles the Bold

Leader of Brittany 1471

Duke Francis II

Who was being held in Brittany

Jasper and Henry Tudor

Treaty of Chateaugiron, when and what

1472, treaty with Brittany - agreed to combine forces to attack France

Treaty of London, when and what

1474, treaty with Burgundy - Charles agreed to support Edward’s invasion as King of France

How did Edward raise money for the invasion of France

Gathered money from churches and benevolences, raised about £100,000

England invades France

July 1475

Why did Edward withdraw

Burgundy was occupied and couldn’t provide them with troops, Louis well prepared, began negotiations

Outcome of Edward’s invasion

France would give England 75,000 crowns, 50,000 crowns each year, and there would be a seven-year truce

Charles the Bold succeeded by his daughter Mary (end of Burgundian Wars)

1477

Who does Mary (daughter of Charles) marry

Archduke Maximilian of Austria

England’s attitude towards Burgundy - 1480

Willing to provide support to Burgundy if they paid the pension that Louis had been paying

Mary dies and Treaty of Arras

1482

Treaty of Arras

Between France of Burgundy, including a marriage between the dauphin and Mary’s daughter

Result for Burgundy

Northern territories become part of Hasburg empire, southern territories become part of the French crown

Scotland captures border town of Berwick

1461

Edward signs treaty with James III of Scotland

1474 - peace ensured through marriage of Edward’s daughter Cecily to the heir of the Scottish throne

Scotland begins small raids on Northern England, supported by who?

1480 - supported by Louis

Richard, Duke of Gloucester, launches an attack on Scotland and captures Edinburgh and James himself

1482

Outcome of Scotland

Gloucester is forced to retreat but retained Berwick for England

Continued financial policies (from Edward’s 1st reign)

more money through the chamber (flexible, efficient, directly under his control) and all money from the crown lands now bypassed the exchequer

New financial policies

French pension, Louis paid £10,000 for Margaret of Anjou in 1476, Clarence’s estates now added to the Crown Lands

Increase in revenue from custom duties

Makes around £35,000 a year

Trade policies

From 1465 received all customs duties, cut down on customs fraud (had people he trusted at ports, tried to stop merchants claiming they had already paid customs)

Trade treaty with France

1475

Trade treaty with Burgundy

1478

Trade treaties with the Hanseatic League

1473-4

Additional ways Edward made money

Managing estates of nobles too young to rule them and took the profits, was paid for arranging marriages between nobility

Who replaced Jasper Tudor as earl of Pembroke (for 2nd time)

William Herbert

When was William Herbert removed as Pembroke and title give to Edward IV

1479

What was set up in Wales and why

Council of Wales - dealt with matters around Wales and the Welsh marches, dealt with lawlessness and meant Edward could exert royal powers there

Result of the council of Wales

reduced crime rate

Who ran the household in Ludlow

Anthony Rivers - angered some of the nobles especially Buckingham

Whom were given control over the North

Gloucester and Northumberland

When had Northumberland regained his earldom

1470

Ireland’s attitude towards Edward

Gave no resistance, had been quite pro-Yorkist, especially because of York’s time as Lieutenant of Ireland

Who was mainly left in control of Ireland, and where was he from

Earl of Kildare, Yorkist supporter - part of the ‘Anglo-Norman’ class, did not see himself as English

When was Lord Grey appointed as deputy, how long did he last

1478, only lasted one year due to resisitance

How was Gloucester useful in the North

Owned lots of land there (previously Warwick’s), acted as a buffer between rival families of Percy and Stanley, Northumberland was loyal to Gloucester

Hastings made Captain of Calais, who did he replace

1471 - replaced Earl Rivers

Hastings given estates from Clarence

1474

Prince of Wales given power to appoint judges and raise an army

1476

Herbert forced to give up most of his land to Prince of Wales

1479

Thomas Grey made … and married …

Marquis of Dorset, married Cecily Bonville

Richard Grey given …

Some of Elizabeth Woodville’s estates for a small amount of money

Clarence’s disputes with the royal family

Quarrelled with the Queen - accused her of witchcraft, furious with Edward for scuppering plans to marry daughter of Charles the Bold and trying to stop him marrying Isabel Neville, refused to dine at court (implying he may be poisoned), openly critical of Edward

Gloucester married who and when

Anne Neville in 1472

Clarence accused of plotting the king’s death and put to death

1478