Essentials of Human Anatomy Chapter 3

Cells

___ are the smallest, complete living structure

75

On average, adult humans are composed of ____ trillion cells

Differentiated

Human cells are specialized or ____ into different types of cells with different functions

Cell (plasma) membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus

The three main parts of cells are _________________

Organelles

Within the cytoplasm of cells are specialized structures known as ____ that carry out specific functions for the cell.

Regulates what comes in and out of cells

The function of the cell (plasma) membrane is to _________

Phospholipids and proteins

The cell (plasma) membrane is composed of ____ and ____ with embedded cholesterol.

Selectively permeable

The cell (plasma) membrane is said to be ____________ because it allows the passage of certain molecules while restricting others.

Phospholipid bilayer

The cell (plasma) membrane is made up of a double layer of phospholipids, so it is also called the ___________

Phosphate,Fatty acid tails

A phospholipid molecule is composed of a polar region, the 1_____ region and a nonpolar region, the 2_____ tails

Hydrophilic

The polar region of the phospholipid molecule is said to be ______, because it is attracted to water

Hydrophobic

The nonpolar region of the phospholipid molecule is said to be _____, because it repels water.

How phospholipid molecules are arranged in the phospholipid bilayer

The hydrophilic region, of the phospholipid molecules, is on the outer edges, inside and outside of the cell (plasma) membrane. The hydrophobic tails, of the phospholipid molecules, are between the hydrophilic regions.

Nonpolar

Which type of small molecules (polar or nonpolar) could more easily pass through the phospholipid bilayer?

Proteins

Transmembrane ______ assist in moving a variety of substances through the cell (plasma) membrane

Cell identification (cell recognition)

Glycoproteins (peripheral proteins) on the outer surface of the cell (plasma) membrane assist in cellular _____

Cholesterol

Embedded _____ molecules strengthen the membrane and help make the membrane less permeable to water-soluble substances.

Cytoplasm

The _______ consists of a clear liquid (cytosol), a supportive cytoskeleton, and networks of membranes and organelles.

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

The ______ is made up of membranes, flattened sacs, and vesicles, and provides a tubular transport system inside the cell.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

The ________ has ribosomes on its surface and functions in protein synthesis and the transport of proteins

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

The _____ does not have ribosomes on its surface and functions in lipid synthesis

Ribosomes

The ____ are found scattered throughout the cytoplasm and attached to endoplasmic reticulum. They are the site of protein synthesis

Golgi apparatus (body)

The _______ is composed of flattened sacs, and refines, packages, modifies, and delivers proteins either within the cell or secretes proteins to the outside of the cell.

Mitochondria

The _____ are the powerhouses of the cell and contain enzymes needed for aerobic respiration. Site of ATP production.

Cristae

The inner membrane of the mitochondrion is folded into ____ which hold the enzymes needed in energy transformations to make ATP.

Lysosomes

_______ are specialized vesicles and are the "garbage disposals" of the cell and contain digestive enzymes to break up old cell components and bacteria.

Peroxisomes

______are specialized vesicles that contain enzymes that function in the synthesis of bile acids, breakdown of lipids, degradation of rare biochemicals, and the detoxification of alcohol.

Cytoskeleton

Microfilaments and microtubules are thin, threadlike structures that serve as the ______ of the cell.

Centrioles

Microtubules known as ______ function in the separation of chromosomes during cell division

Cilia

Short microtubule extensions on the surface of some types of epithelial cells called ____ have a "to and fro" movement.

Flagellum (Plural form Flagella)

Long microtubule extension on the surface of the human sperm cell called _____ allow for sperm cell movement.

Nucleus

The ____ of a cell contains genetic information and is referred to as the control center of the cell.

Nuclear Envelope

The _____ is a double layered membrane that surrounds the nucleus, controlling what comes in and out of the nucleus.

Nuclear pores

The nuclear envelope contains opening called _____ that allow substances to move in and out of the nucleus

Nucleolus

The _____, found in the nucleus, is made of RNA and is the site of ribosome synthesis.

Chromatin

The uncoiled strands of DNA and protein, found in the nucleus, is known as ______. (the working form of DNA)

Passive

______ transport is the general category of cellular transport that does not required energy input and moves substances with the concentration gradient.

Active

______ transport is the general category of cellular transport that requires energy input and may move substances against the concentration gradient

concentration gradient

The difference in concentrations between one area and another

Concentration

The amount of a substance (solute) dissolved, in a specific amount of solvent, is known as the _______

Diffusion

______ is a form of passive transport where substances move from areas of greater concentration to areas of lesser concentration (occurs in gasses and liquids)

Facilitated

____________ diffusion uses membrane proteins that function as carriers to move molecules (such as glucose) across the cell membrane.

Osmosis

______ is a form of diffusion for water in which water moves from areas of greater concentration to areas of lesser concentration through a semipermeable membrane

Osmotic pressure

__________is the tendency of solvent molecules to move in the direction of lower solvent activity (lower concentration).

Tonicity

______is the ability of a solution to change the shape of a cell due to osmotic pressure.

Hypotonic

A red blood cell placed in a _____ environment will begin to fill with water and will swell and maybe burst

Lyse

A cell bursting, due to increased osmotic pressure is said to ______

Hypertonic

A red blood cell placed in a _____ environment will begin to lose water and will shrink.

Crenate

Cells shrinking due to decreased osmotic pressure are said to ______

Isotonic

Red blood cells in normal blood plasma are in a _____ environment, so they will neither crenate nor lyse.

Hydrostatic

______ pressure is the force a fluid has within a confined space, such as plasma within capillaries. Also referred to as blood pressure

Filtration

The passive transport known as ______ uses hydrostatic pressure to force substances out of capillaries. (important in kidney function)

ATP (energy)

Active transport used _____ to move molecules against the concentration gradient or used carrier molecules across cell membranes

Hydrogen ions, glucose, amino acids, sodium, calcium, potassium, and nutrients

five substances that are moved by active transport

Endocytosis

____ is a form of active transport where substances are too big to pass through the cell membrane, invaginations form vesicles to bring them into the cell

Pinocytosis

________ is a form of endocytosis in which cells engulf liquids.

Phagocytosis

______ is a form of endocytosis in which the cell takes in larger particles (solids), such as a white blood cell engulfing a bacterium.

Exocytosis

_______ uses the cell membrane to secrete substances out through the cell membrane.

Somatic

_____ cells are the different type of cells that make up the body, but do not include sex cells (gametes)

Mitosis

For growth and repair, somatic cells carry out the cell's nuclear division process known as _______

Interphase, Mitosis, Cytokinesis

The three major stages of the cell cycle are ____, ____ and _______

Interphase

______ is the stage of the cell cycle where a cell is producing proteins, replicating DNA and performing its function.

Mitosis

______ is the stage of the cell cycle where a cell's nuclear material is organized and divided between new daughter nuclei.

Cytokinesis

_____ is the division of cellular cytoplasm and organelles between the new daughter cells

Identical

At the end of the complete cell cycle two new daughter cells are formed that are genetically ______ to each other and the parent cell.

S phase (synthesis phase)

The stage of interphase when DNA is replicated is known as ______.

G1 phase (Gap 1 phase)

When cytokinesis is complete, the new daughter cells enter into the _____ of interphase, where they produce proteins and grow.

G2 phase (Gap 2 phase)

After the S phase of interphase, cells enter the _____. In this phase cells replicate organelles and prepare for mitosis.

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Name the four phases (stages) of mitosis in their correct order.

Prophase

During the ____ stage (phase) of mitosis, chromatin condenses into sister chromatids and the nuclear envelope breaks down.

Metaphase

During the ___ stage (phase) of mitosis, spindle fibers connect to sister chromatids and move them to the equator (middle) of the cell.

Anaphase

During the ____ stage (phase) of mitosis, the spindle fibers pull, causing the centromeres of sister chromatids to break and they are moved apart to opposite ends of the cell

Telophase

During the ____ stage (phase) of mitosis, the nuclear envelopes reform around each of the new nuclei. The cell membrane begins to invaginate, forming the cleavage furrow, starting to divide the cytoplasm.

Replication

Another term for copying DNA is ____________

Chromatin

The uncoiled form of DNA, in which DNA is being used for protein synthesis is known as ______

Sister chromatids

The condensed form of DNA, which includes the two replicated copies held together by a centromere is known as __________

Chromosomes

Individuals strands of DNA are also known as ______

Telomeres (repeated sections of DNA)

Cells have a maximum number of times they can divide because of built-in "clocks", ________, on the tips of chromosomes.

Differentiation

The process by which cells develop into different types of cells with specialized functions is called _______

Apoptosis

_________is a form of cell death that is a normal part of development.

Tumors

Abnormal cell growth and division may result in the formation of masses of cells called ______

Malignant

______ tumors have the ability to invade nearby tissues

Benign

Most ______ tumors are encapsulated and do not invade nearby tissues

Cancerous

____ are malignant tumors that many times can spread throughout the body

Metastasis

If a cancer spreads from its origin site to other areas of the body, it is said to have carried out ______.