Theory Week 11 Part 2

Learning can be measured ___ (numerically, such as a score on an exam) or qualitatively (such as a narrative expression of what is learned).  

quantitatively

Learning involves the ___ of new knowledge as a result of a person interacting with the environment (internal and/or external to self)

acquisition

Although certainly connected to teaching (they are interrelated), learning remains ___ from it.

discrete

Teaching involves a set of chosen behaviours from one person to ___, stimulate or induce learning in another person

promote

What are the 3 types of learning?

1. Psychomotor skill acquisition and performance

2. Affective feelings, values, beliefs

3. Cognitive information gathering

It is about developing and refining practical skills through physical practice and repetition until they become second nature

Psychomotor skill acquisition and performance

It shapes how a person feels about something and what they believe in — influencing their motivations, empathy, and ethical outlook

affective feelings, values, beliefs

Learning that involves mental processes like thinking, understanding, and reasoning

cognitive, information gathering

In behavioural learning theories, behaviour is conceptualized as the ___ to a stimulus

response

In learning, ___ are used to condition, reinforce or strengthen a desirable behaviour

rewards and punishments

Therefore, ___ (what is learned) can be controlled by and measured by rewarding positive behaviours and ignoring or punishing undesirable behaviours. (Stimulus-Response Model of Learning)

behaviour

Behavioural learning theories explain only the behavioural dimension of learning and do not account for the ___ (emotional) and cognitive (thinking content and processes) components of learning

affective

As opposed to behavioural learning theories, ___ theorize that mental/cognitive processes affect learning

cognitive field learning theories

A person’s ___ world is conceptualized as their “field”; hence the theory is known as cognitive field theory.

perceptual or psychological

The theory explains that the learner’s ___ for learning are predictive of learning, rather than operant rewards that reinforce desired behaviours (cognitive field theory)

goals and motivations

Cognitive field learning theories explain how ___ and the processes of thinking (cognition) affects behaviour, specifically learning behaviour.

thoughts

___ state that the experience of learning occurs in sequence, over time, through the interaction of behaviour, mental processes and the environment

Cognitive development or interaction theories

___ learning theories describe the concept of the “third force.” The “third force” is human potential.

Humanistic

Humans are always improving, growing and becoming (think ___). Humans have relational skills. They enjoy a sense of wonder and strive towards self actualization

Parse

The notion of becoming is a value consistent with client-centred care and ___ learning.

student-centred

The information processing model focuses on the ___ of learning.

memory dimension

Human memory is hypothesized as the cognitive sequential flow of information through ___

memory stores

The ___ proposes that working memory can only handle so much information at a time

cognitive load theory

Long term memory creates patterns of thoughts or “___” to store large amounts of information

schema

___ proposes that adults are responsible for their own learning; and teachers facilitate learning by creating an environment that is conducive to the learner’s style and needs.

Adult learning theory

Theories about ___ suggest introducing the concept of decay (in memory)

forgetting

The theory suggests that for memory to last and forgetting to be reduced, a person needs to ___ what the person has learned

use

There are two types of interference…

retroactive and proactive

In ___ interference, new information is inhibited by old or previous information

retroactive

In ___ interference, old information interferes with or inhibits the retention of new information.

proactive

Another concept in theories of forgetting in the ___. When we practice remembering something we often associate it with something else that is very familiar

loss of retrieval cues

When the association between the desired memory and the retrieval cue is ___ (passage of time, poor association between ideas, interference) then forgetting is more likely to occur.

weakened

___ is the careful, reflective, systematic critical study of morality to identify rational, empirical justifications of how one ought to treat other people.

ethics

Morality is the ___ beliefs and values about what is right and wrong in the treatment of others

cultural

Morality then tends to emerge from ___ and not from systematic inquiry and critical appraisal of right and wrong based on multiple philosophical perspectives.

subjectivity

Western ethical thinking dates back as far as 300 BCE with ___

Aristotle

He taught that humans had capacity for ___ and the ability to control emotions through practical knowledge or wisdom.

rational thought

Aristotle proposed the “doctrine of the ___ between two extremes,” which espouses everything in moderation.

golden mean

Knowing the right thing to do is ___. An action-oriented character “gets it done.” (Aristotle)

cognitive ability

Virtue then involves setting lofty ___ and achieving them

goals

Aristotle introduces the concept of ___, which is analytical reasoning. In analytical reasoning a new case or situation is analyzed against previous, well known, influential cases to see how they compare.

casuistry

In more modern ethical theories, the prevalent perspective is that everyone has to agree because they are ___

rational beings

The ___ states that people must respect and never treat others as a means to their own ends. (modern ethical theories)

categorical imperative

Ethics are considered to be universal in nature and result in an ___ value system.

altruistic

In ___, one puts others’ needs ahead of one’s own or at least does not allow one’s self-interest to unfairly or unduly limit another’s liberty

altruism

Two specific modern moral principles are…

deontology and utilitarianism

Deontology is described by ___ as duty-based laws that are non-negotiable and absolute.

Kant

Moral law is a set of universal guiding principles so that a person acts from a sense of duty regardless of the ___.

consequences

The notion of ___ that we speak of so much today was explained by Rawls as treating everyone fairly and equally; that we ought to act towards others without bias in our decisions

egalitarianism

This is referred to as a “___.” Decisions are based on duty to others rather than consequences to self

veil of ignorance

___ differs from deontology in that ___ states that knowledge is dependent upon personal experience and one person’s experience is as important and worth as much as any other person’s

Utilitarianism

Utilitarianism aims for the ___ for the greatest number of people, which is a very practical perspective on ethics

greatest good

Other key ___ principles that are familiar to you are:

• Beneficence: doing what is in the patient’s best interest, balancing benefits and burdens

• Risk from preventable harm: outweighs risks no morally better alternative

• Nonmaleficence: first do no harm

bioethical

More include…

• Justice: fairness in treatment and research, fair distribution of health care resources

• Veracity: speaking ___

• Privacy: free from unauthorized intrusion

• Confidentiality: protecting access to information and identity

• Fidelity: faithfulness

truth

The first step in ethical decision making is to recognize that there is an ___. Then determine all possible responses according to the ethical principles and analyze each possible response for its strengths and weaknesses.

ethical issue

The decision considers what is at stake in the outcome of a decision and for whom. The decision has to be a ___ choice that is made after considering a range of perspectives.

conscious, deliberative, reasoned