mic-mac

Calcium

• Functions: Blood clotting, Bone formation, Neuromuscular activity, Regulates Osmotic pressure, Maintains acid base equilibrium of body fluids, form of hydroxy apatite crystals

• Percentage: 99% In bone, 9-12mg/100 ml in blood

• Absorption: Proximal portion gut (Acid condition, Vitamin D, Low levels phytic acid, Low oxalic acid)

• Excretion: Feces

• Deficiency: Hyperirritability & Tetany, Reduced growth, Poor reproductive performance, Rickets, Osteomalacia

Phosphorus

• Functions: Energy transfers- NAD & NADP, Constituents on ATP, DNA, RNA,Nucleoproteins, Phosphoproteins

• Percentage: 80% in bone, 35-45 mg P/100 ml

• Absorption: Distal duodenum

• Excretion: Mostly urine

• Deficiency: Decreased growth, Decreased bone growth, Rickets, Osteomalacia, PICA

Magnesium

• Functions: Bone formation, Enzyme activator, Helps decrease nerve irritability

• Percentage: About 70% of the body supply is in skeleton, remainder 30% is distributed in body fluids and tissues

• Absorption: Small intestine

• Excretion: Urine

• Deficiency: Grass tetany, hyperirritability

Sodium

• Functions: Osmotic balance, nerve impulses

• Percentage: 0.2%, Makes up 93% of bases in blood serum

• Absorption: Small intestine, small amounts in stomach

• Excretion: via kidneys, loss via skin in severe sweating

• Deficiency: Decreased feed consumption, Poor growth & Production, Emaciation or wasting away

Potassium

• Functions: Osmotic pressure, acid base balance, muscle contraction, enzyme cofactor, nerve impulses

• Percentage: 0.2%, occurs primarily in intracellular fluid

• Absorption: Small intestine

• Excretion: Kidneys, 90% loss by sweating

• Deficiency: Reduced growth, Heart lesions, Tubular degeneration of kidneys

Chlorine

• Functions: Osmotic pressure, HCl in stomach, Acid base balance

• Percentage: 0.1%

• Absorption: Small intestine

• Excretion: Kidney

• Deficiency: Alkalosis, poor digestion

Sulfur

• Functions: Component of sulfur acids, present in vitamins thiamine and biotin, wool growth

• Percentage: 0.15%

• Absorption: Small intestine

• Excretion: Feces, and urine

• Deficiency: Poor wool/hair growth

Iron

• Functions: Cellular Respiration, Cytochrome C- In electron transport system, peroxidase, catalase

• Percentage: 70% of iron is found in the form of hemoglobin

• Absorption: Chief storage site is the liver

• Excretion: via urine

• Deficiency: Anemia

Copper

• Functions: Catalyst in Hemoglobin synthesis, RBC Maturation, Activates enzymes such as ASCORBIC ACID OXIDASE, Integral part of several enzymes

• Absorption: Small intestine

• Excretion: 90% excreted in feces

• Deficiency: Wasting disease, falling disease, anemia, graying of black hair and wool, sway back disease

Zinc

• Functions: Facilitates the conversion of CO2

• Present: Epidermal tissues

• Absorption: Duodenum

• Excretion: Feces

• Deficiency: Parakeratosis, Keratosis

Selenium

• Functions: Antioxidant (with vitamin E), immune function

• Absorption: Anterior duodenum, Stored in liver and kidneys

• Excretion: Urine

• Deficiency: White muscle disease, Increase mortality of newborn lambs and calves, Exudative diathesis in chicks, Liver necrosis

Iodine

• Functions: Constituent of Thyroxine (regulates metabolic rate), Administration of thyroxine, and iodine containing compounds

• Percentage: 60% is in the thyroid gland

• Absorption: Small intestine

• Excretion: Urine

• Deficiency: Goiter, Simple/endemic goiter,expothalamic goiter

Cobalt

• Functions: Constituent of B12, Enzyme cofactor

• Deficiency: General malnutrition (Listless, Loss of appetite and weight, Weak, Anemic), Anemia is NORMOCYTIC NORMOCHROMIC type, Degeneration of fat of liver, Deposits hemosiderin in spleen

Manganese

• Functions: Sexual maturation, Enzyme cofactor, Component of Arginase, Essential for normal reproduction, Normal bone formation, Normal muscle function

• Absorption: Poorly absorbed

• Excretion: Feces

• Deficiency: Perosis, Slipped tendons

Molybdenum

• Functions: Stimulatory effects on rumen microbes, Converts nitrates to nitrites in plants

• Absorption: Digestive tract

• Excretion: Kidneys

• Deficiency: Teartness

Fluorine

• Functions: Can be beneficial for health

• Absorption: small intestine

• Deficiency: bones lose color, bone breaking strength decreases, bony outgrowth (exostoses) occur from surface, total ash content of bone creases, increase dental problems

Macro minerals

• Calcium

• Phosphorus

• Magnesium

• Potassium

• Sulfur

• Sodium

• Chlorine

Micro Minerals

• Iron

• Manganese

• Boron

• Zinc

• Copper

• Molybdenum

• Chlorine

• Nickel

Osteomalacia

• occurs in adult bone; involves a softening of the bone due to a decrease in mineral content

Osteopenia

• is the presence of less than normal amount of bone. If not treated, may result in osteoporosis.

Osteoporosis

• occurs when the composition of the bone is normal, but the mass is so reduced that the skeleton loses its strength and becomes unable to perform its supporting role in the body

PICA

• (eating nonfood materials)- occurs in grazing animals thus increase fragile bones, lameness, low fertility

Grass tetany

• common occurrence in cows and ewes turned on lush pasture in spring

WASTING DISEASE

• This condition is characterized by diarrhea, loss of appetite and anemia

ENZOOTIC ATAXIA

• Characterized by nervousness, ataxia or swaying, abnormal gait, staggering; postmortem autopsies reveal nerve lesions.

FALLING DISEASE OF CATTLE

• Similar to "enzootic ataxia" of sheep and is characterized by falling and sudden death. Nerve lesions are also present

NUTRITIONAL ANEMIA

• characterized as MICROCYTIC or HYPOCHROMIC has been observed on a Cu++ deficient diet. Iron alone doesn't cure the anemia, but Cu in the presence of adequate Fe++ will cure it

hypothyroid condition

• low thyroxine secretion → low metabolic rate → tired →"downers"

hyperthyroid condition

• high thyroxine → high metabolic rate → hyperactive