honros bio final first sem

nucelotide

monomers of DNA and RNA that contain a 5-carbo sugar, nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.

nucleic acid

An organic compound of nucleotides that carries genetic information (DNA or RNA)

 C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ (lactose)

organic lactose

H₂O (water)

inorganic

C₅₅H₉₈O₆ (triglyceride)

organic

NaCl- (salt)

inorganic salt

The picture below depicts the breakdown of a polymer into monomer subunits.  What type chemical reaction is depicted? 

hydrolysis reaction

The bond represented by the dashed line BETWEEN the water molecules in the diagram below is called

a hydrogen bond

According to the graph, which enzyme shows a broader pH range of activity?

amylase not pepsin

Farmers add fertilizers to soil to aid the growth of crops. Without fertilizers, what is the naturally occurring source of phosphorous for plants?

weathered rock

Which of the following best describes an atom?

A core of protons and neutrons surrounded by electrons

Amylase is an ENZYME that allows the human body to digest large polymers. Which of the diagrams below best represents what the monomers that are joined together to make the ENZYME amylase?

dehydration synthesis

hydrolysis

What are the monomers of carbohydrates?

monosacarides

What are the monomers of lipids?

gylercol/fatty acids

What are the monomers of proteins?

amino acids

Becky conducted an experiment to determine the effect of enzyme concentration on the rate at which hydrogen peroxide is broken down. The enzyme she used is catalase. She placed 40 mL of hydrogen peroxide into 5 beakers. She then added 10 mL of different concentrations of catalase enzyme into each beaker. She stopped the reaction after one minute and measured the amount of hydrogen peroxide remaining in the beakers. In a follow up experiment, Becky boils the enzyme solution for 20 minutes, prior to placing them in the hydrogen peroxide. What impact will boiling the enzyme for 20 minutes have on the break down of hydrogen peroxide?

the hydrogen peroxide will not be broken down in the reaction 

long term storage of carbon is mostly found in?

fossil fuels

Which of the following is LEAST likely to dissolve in water?

nonpolar molecules like fats and oils

Carbon is essential to life due to its

Ability to form different shapes and structures.

Ability to form strong covalent bonds.

Abundance in nature.

Why is the Oxygen portion of a water molecule partially negative compared to the hydrogen atom?

The Oxygen atom is larger with more protons so the electrons spend more time orbiting the larger oxygen atom

Which of the following sets of atoms are characteristic of carbohydrates?

C, H, O

Carbohydrates give

quick energy, structure,

ex. glucose, sucrose, cellulose, starch

lipid

Long-term storage, insulation, protection

ex. Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids

Protein

structure, movement, enzymes

Ex. enzymes, keratin, muscle, antibodies

nucleic acid

stores and transmits genetic information

ex. DNA, RNA

The enzyme salivary amylase will act on amylose, a type of starch, but not on oil. This action illustrates that salivary amylase

It is specific and only works on carbohydrates

The picture below shows an ion (charged atom) surrounded by water molecules. Based on your knowledge of the polarity of water molecules, the solute molecule in the middle is most likely

positively charged

the carbon atom has

6 total electrons, but only 4 valence electrons, making carbon unstable. Therefore carbon will form 4 strong covalent bonds with other atoms

Label B shows the type of bond that holds the oxygen and hydrogen atoms together through the sharing of electrons. What is this type of bond called? 

called a covalent bond

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Nucleic Acid

Too much phosphorus in lakes and rivers often leads to:

algae blooms and dead zones

What do carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids all have in common?

They are all organic compounds

water's attraction to itself

cohesion

Water's attraction to other things

adhesion

Water's resistance to changes in temperature

high specific heat

Water's ability to dissolve most substances

universal solevant

Cells in the stomach produce pepsin, an enzyme, to help digest food. Pepsin works BEST at a pH of 2. Which of these graphs most likely shows what will happen to the activity of pepsin as the pH of the stomach is increased?

The Nitrogen Cycle provides building blocks for constructing which of the following organic molecules?

nucleic acids and proteins

An experiment is performed to measure the effect of pH on the rate of an enzyme-catalyed reaction. Each group was assigned a different pH and data was collected for 120 seconds. The amount of product formed during the 120 seconds for each pH was measured and graphed as shown below:

the optimal pH range for the enzyme used in the reaction is 5-7

In ________________ inhibition, another molecule is so close in shape to an enzyme's substrate that this molecule can compete with the true substrate for the active site of the enzyme.

competitive

Which cycle is most directly impacted when large areas of forest are cut down?

Carbon cycle

Which of the following is NOT one of the four major groups of organic compounds (macromolecules) found in living organisms?

minerals

When an enzyme becomes denatured, the shape is changed, resulting in the partial or complete loss of function for that enzyme.

true the function is lost

Amino acid is to a protein as

Nucleotide is to nucleic acid

The enzyme and the substrate it works on have a specific shape that allow them to fit together like a lock and key.

true

red is negative grey is positive

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

an enzyme is NEVER changed by the reaction and CAN be reused

How is carbon in the form of CO2 removed from the atmosphere?

Photosynthesis

Water striders and other insects seem to be able to sit on the surface of the water. What property of water creates surface tension that then allows insects to sit on the surface of water?

cohesion

Which of the following best explains why nutrient cycles are essential for life?

They recycle essential elements so organisms can reuse them.

Eating a well balanced diet, complete with carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is important for the health of an organism because the nutrients taken in through the diet will be used in cellular reactions to build and maintain cellular structures.

true a well balanced diet is great

The elements most often found in the organic molecules that build living organisms are

CHONPS

What most likely caused the rabbit population to decrease over the first time unit shown in the following graph?

A higher than normal population of snakes.

In the stable food chain shown below, what would you expect to happen initially if you were to suddenly double the population of rabbits?

The grass population would decrease. The snake population and hawk population would increase.

Aerobic Respiration

respiration that occurs with oxygen

Anaerobic Respiration

respiration that occurs without oxygen

If all autotrophs on Earth suddenly stopped carrying out _________________________, cellular respiration would soon stop too.

photosynthesis,

Glycolysis converts glucose into two molecules of

pyruvate

The process of cellular respiration

breaks down food molecules to release stored energy

When a phosphate group is removed from an ATP molecule,

a substantial amount of energy is released

Plants are considered to be ____, while animals are ______

autotrophs, heterotrophs

Glycolysis is a definite sequence of ten reactions involving ten intermediate compounds. Which of the following describes where glycolysis occurs?

in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

left is light dependent, right is light- independent

What energy-rich organic compound is produced as a result of the Calvin Cycle?

Glucose

The image below depicts the process of endosymbiosis, which explains how eukaryotic cells evolved. All evidence supports this theory EXCEPT...

all cells have both mitochondria and chloroplasts

Anaerobic respiration releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of

oxygen molecules

Which of these changes would lead to a decrease in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere through a biological process?

increase in the number of trees

If a disease strikes the snake population in the food chain shown, what will be the initial effect on the populations of hawks and rabbits?

The population of hawks will decrease. The population of rabbits will increase.

Anaerobic and aerobic respiration are cellular processes which convert energy from one form to another. Which statement below is true about anaerobic and aerobic respiration?

Aerobic respiration produces more ATP than anaerobic respiration.

According to the graph, which temperature range shows the greatest increase?

30°C-40°C

The major atmospheric output of photosynthesis is:

oxygen

Which of the following trends is supported by the graph?

As temperature increases, oxygen consumption increases

Trapping has severely reduced the population of rabbits in an ecosystem, as shown in the bar graph below. What is the most likely effect this will have on other organisms?

The snake population will decrease and the grass population will increase.

Light energy is converted to chemical energy through the process of:

photosynthesis

Place the following steps of cellular respiration in the correct order.  Place the start at the top.

1. In glycolysis, glucose is split into two pyruvate and makes some ATP

2. The Krebs cycle produces ATP, NADH, and CO2

3. NADH gives electrons to the ETC

4. As electrons move down the etc a H+ gradient is made

   1. H+ pass through the ATP synthase to make ATP

Inputs and outputs of photosynthesis and cellular respiration

Some organisms that live in the intestines of cows do NOT require oxygen to survive. Which of following best describes the process by which these organisms obtain energy?

anaerobic respiration

Which metabolic process is common to both aerobic cellular respiration and anaerobic respiration?

Glycolysis

What is another term for autotroph?

Producer                 

Which organelle plays a critical role in creating the ATP necessary for running cellular activities in both plant and animal cells?

mitochondria

Chlorophyll a absorbs light best at which wavelength?

430 nm

Researchers have discovered cyanide, a toxin, stops cells from releasing stored energy. Cells exposed to cyanide cannot convert stored energy into a form that can be used for normal cell processes. When cells are exposed to cyanide, which of these processes is most affected?

cellular respiration

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in cellular respiration?

glycolysis ----> Krebs cycle ----> electron transport chain

What event within the food chain might lead to the graph shown below?

a disease in the population of rabits

Place the following steps of photosynthesis in order, starting with the first step at the top.

1. Light energy from the sun hits chlorophyll and electrons are energized

2. Electrons continue on and used to generate NADPH

3. As electrons move down the ETC, a H+ gradient is made

4. H+ pass through the ATP synthase to make ATP

5. The enzyme Rubisco, CO2, ATP, and NADPH are used create glucose 

The independent variable in the graph is?

wavelength

Which of these is a product of cellular respiration?

water

How is ADP able to "recharge" and transform back into ATP?

adding another phosphate

The data shown in the charts below was most likely collected during an experiment investigating which of the following processes?

alcoholic fermentation

has membrane bound organelles

more complex

DNA contained in a nucleus

eukaroytes

smaller

unicellular

prokaryotes

Which process is illustrated by this picture?

exocytosis

animal cell?

B

prokrayote

C

plant cell

A