220-1101

SO-DIMM (small outline DIMM)

Memory used in portable PCs and mobile devices because of its small size

Portable LCD (Liquid Crystal Display)

-Contains a backlight that shines through liquid crystals and color filters and other components to show you an image

--Advantages

-Lightweight

-Relatively lower power and inexpensive

--Disadvantages

-Black levels are a challenge

-Requires a separate backlight (Flourescent, LED, etc...)

-Difficult to replace

TN LCD (Twisted Nematic)

Type of LCD with:

+ Fast response times (gaming!)

+ Low power draw

- Poor viewing angles - color shifts

IPS LCD (in-plane switching liquid crystal display)

Type of LCD with:

Excellent Color, More expensive than the rest

VA LCD (Vertical Alignment)

- good compromise between TN and IPS LCD

- good color Representation

- Slower response than TN

OLED (organic light-emitting diode)

Display technology where an organic compound provides the light for the screen, thus eliminating the need for a backlight or inverter.

CCFL (cold cathode fluorescent lamp)

Type of Backlight in a Laptop:

-Higher voltage and power needed

-Uses a power inverter for DC to AC

-Added thickness to the display

-No longer a common backlight

-Used in older laptops

-If display stops working, look closely (use a flashlight) to still see information on the screen

-Inverter or whole display will need to be replaced

LED-backlit LCD display

Backlight is LEDs instead of florescent

The latest laptops are LED-backlit

Digitizer

converts voltage from analog to digital form, lets us touchscreen/stylus

DB-9 (RS-232)

Serial - 9-ping connector

Active Stylus / Digital Stylus

A more advanced writing tool

The stylus communicates directly to the device, (Apple pencil)

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications)

original 2G network, EU developed, 90% of the OG market, Used by AT&T and TMobile, uses simcard, Used multiplexing

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

A protocol standard used by cellular WANs and cell phones. Verizon and sprint, original 2G network

4G LTE (Long Term Evolution)

Converged standard (GSM and CDMA providers)

Based on GSM and EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution)

Standard supports download rates of 150 Mbit/s

5G

• Fifth generation cellular networking

- Launched worldwide in 2020

• Significant performance improvements

- At higher frequencies

- Eventually 10 gigabits per second

- Slower speeds from 100-900 Mbit/s

• Significant IoT impact

- Bandwidth becomes less of a constraint

- Larger data transfers

- Faster monitoring and notification

- Additional cloud processing

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

A connection-oriented, guaranteed-delivery

protocol used to send data packets between computers over a network like the Internet. Flow Control, Reliable

UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

Protocol that operates instead of TCP in applications where delivery speed is important and quality can be sacrificed. Unreliable, No receipt, no flow control, connectionless

Non-ephemeral ports (permanent port numbers)

Ports 0 through 1,023

Usually on a server or service

Ephemeral ports (temporary port numbers)

Ports 1,024 through 65,535.

Determined in real-time by the client

FTP (File Transfer Protocol)

20 (active Mode Data) for data transfers

21 (Control) for controlling data transfers

Transfers files between systems

SSH (Secure Shell)

22, SECURELY connects to remote device through terminal or front end

Telnet

23, connects to a device remotely IN THE CLEAR

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)

25, used for sending Mail

DNS (Domain Name System)

53, resolves Ip to Real name

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

67, 68, assigns IP addresses

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol)

80, unencrypted Web Server Communication

HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure)

443, Encrypted Web server Communication

POP3 (Post Office Protocol version 3)

110, retrieves email messages for specific email client

IMAP4 (Internet Message Access Protocol, version 4)

143, Snychronizes email inbox for multiple clients.

NetBIOS (Network Basic Input/Output System)

137, used to communicate names over network

139, used to transmit data over network

SMB (Server Message Block) & CIFS (Common Internet File System)

445, doesn't use NetBIOs, used to communicate print jobs, and directly between Microsoft devices

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol)

161, queries network for performance details

162, Sends alert/trap for increased usage

v1 in the clear

v2 bulk transfers in the clear

v3 encrypted authenticated message integrity

LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol)

389, store/retrieve info from network directory like Active directory

RDP (Remote Desktop Protocol)

3389, Share a desktop from a location

Router

forwards traffic between ip subnets, "layer 3 device" connects diverse network types LAN, WAN, Copper, fiber

Switch

forwards traffic based upon destination MAC, has ASIC (application specific integrated Circuit), will sometimes add PoE (Power over ethernet)

Unmanaged Switch

A switch that provides plug-and-play simplicity with minimal configuration options and has no IP address assigned to it. Unmanaged switches are inexpensive, but their capabilities are limited.

Managed Switch

Allows the network administrator to monitor, configure, and manage select network features. queries support, redundancy support with STP (Spanning Tree Protocol), Port Mirroring

access point (AP)

A device that connects wireless clients to wireless networks. Sometimes called wireless access point (WAP).

Patch Panel

A wall- or rack-mounted panel where cables converge in one location.

Power over Ethernet (PoE)

Power being provided over an ethernet cable, Can be from a built in switch connection called an endspan, or can be from a PoE injector called a midspan

PoE: IEEE 802.3af-2003

Original PoE Spec, Now apart of the 802.3, 15.4 watts DC power, 350 mA max current

PoE+: IEEE 802.3at-2009

Now part of the 802.3, 25.5 watts dv power, 600 mA max current

PoE++: IEEE 802.3bt-2018

51 W (Type 3), 600 mA max current

71.3 W (Type 4), 960 mA max current

PoE with 10GBASE-T

hub

-Multi-port repeater

-Traffic going into one port is repeated to every other port

-Everything is half-duplex (2 devices cannot communicate at the same time)

-Becomes less efficient more devices begin to communicate

-Only operates in 10 megabit/sec or 100 megabit/sec

-This technology is difficult to find

cable modem (broadband modem)

a type of digital modem used with high-speed cable Internet service,

DSL modem

• ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)

• Uses telephone lines

• Download speed is faster than the upload speed

(asymmetric)

• ~10,000 foot limitation from the central office (CO)

• 52 Mbit/s downstream / 16 Mbit/s upstream

are common

• Faster speeds may be possible if closer to the CO

ONT (optical network terminal)

- Fiber

- ISP fiber line stretches to demarc point at which your in-home copper wire takes over.

(2.2)

Network Interface Card (NIC)

a hardware component that enables computers to communicate over a network

Software Defined Networking (SDN)

using a central control program separate from network devices to manage the flow of data on a network,

3 Layers/planes, Data plane for processing frames and packets,

Control Layer/Plane - manages the actions (routing tables )

Application Layer/plane - Configure/manage device

802.11a

5GHz, 54Mbps

802.11b

2.4GHz 11Mbps

802.11g

2.4GHz, 54MBps, backwards compatible to 802.11b

802.11n (WiFi 4)

2.4 and 5 GHz, 150 Mbps/600 Mbps (MIMO) Multiple input, multiple output,

802.11ac (WiFi 5)

5GHz, 867mbps or nearly 7GBps, MUMIMO (multi user, multiple input, multiple output)

802.11ax (WiFi 6)

2.4, 5 GHz,1,201 MPBS or 9.6 Gbps (MU-MIMO)

Bluetooth

Uses 2.4ghz range Unlicensed ISM (Industrial, scietific, and medical) band

DNS server

translates the domain name into its associated IP address

DHCP Server

Assigns an IP address to a computer when it first attempts to initiate a connection to the network

file server

a server that stores and manages files for network users

Print Server

a server that manages all client-requested jobs for all printers on a network

mail server

A server that manages the storage and transfer of e-mail messages.

Web Server

a computer that delivers requested webpages to your computer or mobile device

authentication server

a server that keeps track of who is logging on to the network and which services on the network are available to each user

Spam Gateway

Email is sent to the firewall to be screened in the spam subnet before it reaches the user

Unified Threat Management (UTM)

A firewall or gateway that attempts to bundle multiple security functions into a single physical or logical device.

Load Balancer

A dedicated network device that can distribute the load equally or if one goes down take it offline.

proxy server

A server that acts as an intermediary between a user and the Internet.

SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition)/ICS (Industrial Control System)

Large-scale, industrial-control systems.

DHCP DORA process

discovery, offer, request, ack

APIPA (Automatic Private IP Addressing)

- Link Local addresses (no router forwarding)

- IETF has reserved 169.254.1.0 - 169.254.254.255

- Only communicates on your network

Address Records (A) (AAAA)

Defines the IP address of a host

(A) records are for IPv4 addresses

(AAAA) records are for IPv6 addresses

Mail Exchanger (MX) Record

A record used by e-mail servers for determining the host names of servers responsible for handling a domain's incoming e-mail.

Text records (TXT)

Human-readable text information

Sender Policy Framework (SPF)

a list of all authorized servers able to send email for this domain.

Domain Keys Identified Mail (DKIM)

Digitally sign a domain's outgoing mail

Validated by mail servers, not usually seen by the end user

The public key is in the DKIM TXT record

Domain-based Message Authentication, Reporting and Conformance (DMARC)

tells you disposition of unauthenticated messages. based upon DKIM/SPF authentication

DHCP T1 Timer

50% of lease time, it reaches out and asks to keep the IP

DHCP T2 Timer

87.5% or 7/8 of lease time, it reaches out and asks to keep the IP

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

A large computer network usually spanning a city, usually government, bigger than LAN smaller than WAN

Storage Area Network (SAN)

a high-speed network with the sole purpose of providing storage to other attached servers, high bandwidth

cable crimper

A tool used to attach a connector onto the end of a cable, Final step of the processor.

WiFi analyzer

Tool for checking/diagnosing issues on a wireless network.

toner generator and probe

a two-part tool that is typically used to identify an individual wire in a circuit. The toner part is connected to a cable at one end and generates a tone that travels inside the cable. The probe part traces the cable. When the probe is in close to the cable to which the toner is attached, the tone can be heard in the probe.

cable tester

A tool used to test a cable to find out if it is good or to find out what type of cable it is if the cable is not labeled.

Loop Back Plug

device that is connected into a port to perform a loopback test. In and out of same port.

network tap (test access point)

A separate device that can be installed on the network for monitoring traffic.

twisted-pair cable

Cables made of copper wires that are twisted around each other and are surrounded by a plastic jacket, Common ethernet cables. (usually PVC, polyvinyl chloride)

coaxial cable

insulated copper wire; used to carry high-speed data traffic and television signals

Plenum-rated cable

Fire-resistant cable designed for airways, conduits, and areas sprinklers cannot reach. has FEP (Flourinated Ethylen polymer) or PVC (Low-Smoke Polyvinyl Chloride)

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)

A twisted pair cable that has an aluminum shield inside the plastic jacket that surrounds the pairs of wires. INCLUDES GROUND WIRE.

x/xTP

u= unshielded

s = Braided shielding

F = Foil Shielding

s/ftp = braided shielding around entire cable, and foil around the pairs.

Direct burial STP

Protected from elements, Cable is buried in the ground, Often filled with gel to repel water, Shielding in the STP protects against interference

Multimode Fiber

A type of fiber optic cable that carries multiple light signals on a single strand. up to 2km, LED cheap light source

singlemode fiber

A type of fiber optic cable that carries a single optical signal. up to 100km, uses expensive lasers.

T568A

Standards for wiring twisted-pair network cabling, Green first, orange mixed throughout.

T568B

Standards for wiring twisted-pair network cabling, Orange first, Green mixed throughout.

VGA (Video Graphics Array)

DB-15 connector (accurately called DE-15), Blue color

-Analog signal (no digital option)

-Image degrades after 5 to 10 meters

DVI (Digital Visual Interface)

- Single & Dual link video

- Single = 3.7 GB/s &. Dual = 7.4 GB/s

- DVI-A (Analog)

- DVI-D (Digital)

- DVI-I (Integrated) - Analog and Digital

SATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment)

- SATA 1.0 (1.5 GB/s)

- SATA 2.0 (3 GB/s)

- SATA 3.0 (6 GB/s)

- SATA 3.2 (16 GB/s)

- eSATA (same as above just 2 meters)

SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)

An older personal computer connection standard that provides high-performance data transfer between the SCSI device and the other components of the computer.