Lecture 1: Introduction to Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

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10 Terms

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Map

A graphic representation that facilitates a spatial understanding of things, concepts, processes, or events in the human world. Tells us something about location (where things are) and attributes (what is present at those locations).

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Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Computer-based frameworks designed to help with the collection, storage, processing, analysis, and visualization of spatial data.

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Spatial data

Data being referenced to a location.

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Components of GIS

  1. Hardware (Devices used to store, process, and interact with GI)

  2. Software (Applications designed to manage, analyze, and visualize spatial data)

  3. Data (Collected by sensors and surveys and stored in formats that provide location and attribute information)

  4. Methods & Procedures (Organizational procedures, analysis methods, design principles

  5. People (Data collectors, software developers, analysts)

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GIS Applications

  • Record and monitor forms (what and where)

  • Solve immediate problems

  • E.g., emergency response, urban planning, transportation, logistics, mapping & monitoring

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Geographic Information Science

  • Advance understanding of processes (how)

  • Further theoretical and methodological knowledge

  • E.g., processes of tectonic movements that lead to earthquakes, impacts of deforestation, impacts of zoning regulations on business developments

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Vector Data Models

  • Based on discrete object view

  • Geometry (location)

    • Points (1 x-y coordinate pair)

    • Lines (2+ x-y coordinate pairs)

    • Polygons (4+ x-y coordinate pairs)

  • Attribute Table

    • Records relate to a single feature on the map

    • Fields

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Raster Data Models

  • Rows and columns of cells

  • Each cell has a value (integer or real) and x-y coordinate pair

  • Attribute table shows values and counts (how many cells per value)

  • Cell size determines resolution

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Accuracy

How far a measure of a location is from the actual position of the object.

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Precision

How specific/fine a measure of a location is (decimal points)