ACE BIO: CELL METABOLISM, ENERGETICS, & TRANSPORT

Activation Energy

The certain specific amount of energy a chemical reaction requires to start

Active Transport

A method where molecules & substances move across membranes; it requires the input of energy by the cell

Active Site

Area on an enzyme that binds with the substrate active sites bind to only 1 specific substrate in “Lock & Key” fashion

Allosteric State

Location on an enzyme, distinct from the active site where molecules can bind; site changes shape when non competitive inhibitor or metabolic end product binds to it

Anabolic Pathways

Metabolic pathways that result in the biosynthesis of complex molecules from simpler components; require energy

Animals

take in organic nutrients from plants, animals, and dead material.

Competitive Inhibition

another molecule interferes with the active site blocking the substrate

Noncompetitive Inhibition

another molecule interferes with the Allosteric enough to change the shape of active site

Autotrophy

aquiring energy & nutrients whereby organisms make their own food and use CO2 as their only source of carbon

Carrier Proteins

Membrane proteins that are involved in facilitated diffusion and those proteins that actually assist molecules in crossing the membrane.

Catabolic Pathways

Metabolic pathways that degrade complex compounds into simpler molecules; release energy (energy releasing pathway)

Catalysts

molecules or substances that greatly increase the rate at which particular chemical reaction occur

Cellular Requirements

contain energy, have a suitable environment to maintain homeostasis, cells also need to remove waste products and metabolize.

Feedback Inhibition

end-product of a reaction inhibits or stops the reaction itself; involves an enzyme’s allosteric state.

PH/Temp change

can inhibit or stimulate an enzymes activity; enzymes denature when either is too high or low.

Bulk Transport

energy requiring movement of large amounts of substances

Binding

area on an enzyme where its substrate will bind; very specific; binding is in “Lock & Key” fashion

Carbon

carbon comes directly from food sources

Blocks

blocks passage of others

Enzyme

relatively large, globular proteins that act as a biological catalyst within cells

Cofactor

inorganic molecules that are part of a full enzyme & help give the enzyme its proper shape; (living systems —> minerals act as cofactors)

Coenzymes

organic molecules that assist full enzymes in performing their functions; in living systems, vitamins act as coenzymes

Endergonic Reactions

Chemical reaction that are energetically unfavorable; usually involves forming a high energy molecule from 2 or more low energy molecules; endergonic reactions decrease entropy; form ATP from ADP & Pi

Exergonic Reactions

chemical reactions that are energetically favorable; usually involves breaking apart high energy molecule into 2 or more low energy molecules and exergonic reaction increase entropy & breaking apart of ATP into ADP & Pi. 

Denature

the breaking apart or destroying of an organic molecule, usually a protein. 

Entropy

Increased state of randomness or disorder in the universe; the unusable energy that is lost as heat in all exchanges is part of entropy

Diffusion

process of water moving across a membrane

Endocytosis

process by which large molecules are taken into cells and requires the input of energy by the cell

Exocytosis

process by which waste materials stored in vesicles or lysosomes int he cytoplasm are released b the cell and expelled into the surrounding environment; often requires the input of energy by the cell

Chemical Energy- type of energy used to change the structure of molecules

Chemosynthesis- the conversion of inorganic chemicals into chemical energy and then into food, usually a carbohydrate

Chemoautotrophs

organisms that make their own food through chemosynthesis and includes some bacteria

Chemoheterotrophs

organisms that obtain all of their energy and nutrients and carbon from external sources. 

Cholesterol

Stabilizes Membrane