[APUSH 1] Age of Jefferson #1 Vocabulary

John Marshall

Man who made the court supreme; one of the most powerful Chief Justices over 30 years (34yrs)

• Federalist Supreme Court Chief Justice who ruled on Marbury v. Madison.

• Cousin of TJ (also from VA)

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

Establishes principle of Judicial Review

Part of Judiciary Act of 1789 is unconstitutional (Secretary of State giving writs to federal judges)

• Supreme Court case that says it is unconstitutional to court pack (expanding number of Justices on the Supreme Court); Secretary of State can appoint judges or not

• A clause granting the Supreme Court the power to issue writs of mandamus outside its original jurisdiction was declared unconstitutional by Marbury v. Madison (1803) (5 U.S. 137), one of the seminal cases in American law.

• The Supreme Court held that Section 13 of the Judiciary Act of 1789 was unconstitutional because it purported to enlarge the original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court beyond that permitted by the Constitution.

• In Marbury, the Supreme Court ruled that Congress cannot pass laws that are contrary to the Constitution, and that it is the role of the judicial system to interpret what the Constitution permits. Thus, the Judiciary Act of 1789 was the first act of Congress to be partially invalidated by the Supreme Court.

Judicial Review

Court has the ability to declare laws constitutional or not

• Power to decide whether an act of Congress or President was or was not allowed by the Constitution

Louisiana Purchase (1803)

Thomas Jefferson buys Louisiana Territory from Napoleon/France for 15 mil (4 cents an acre)

• Originally tried to gain New Orleans and small tract of land for $10mill

• TJ wanted to keep the US** out of foreign affairs and away from borders

• New Orleans goes back to France in secret treaty; cut off to Americans

• Napoleon tries to cash out of the New World

• Napoleon’s army of 20,000 failed due to Yellow Fever at Hispanola (modern-day Haiti), so he abandoned his ambitions in the New World to make a French Empire and sold this territory because he was desperate for money

Lewis & Clark (1804-1806)

Led expedition to map & explore the Louisiana Territory

• $2,500 given to Lewis & Clark

• 40 men accompanied Lewis & Clark

• They brought back scientific samples (plants, animals, minerals, fossils, etc.)

• Sacagawea was their guide

Aaron Burr

Vice President under Thomas Jefferson who dueled and killed Hamilton, and tried to plot a US takeover

• Duel happens in Weehawken, NJ

Impressment

When Britain kidnaps American sailors and force them into military service

• French would only take cargo

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair (1807)

Refers to the event when a British ship attacked and captured an American vessel

• 3 dead Americans, 4 impressed

Barbary Pirates

North African pirates who held American cargo/people for ransom

• Tripoli Pirates were a sub-section of the more general “Barbary Pirates” that hailed from Tripoli, and were involved in the First Barbary War with the US

Embargo Act (1807)

Stop on international trade to avoid impressment

• Disastrous effect on U.S. economy (especially New England merchants and shipbuilders)

• Movement developed in New England states to secede from Union

• Britain easily got goods from South American to substitute for US products

Non-Intercourse Act of 1809

Trading with every country but Britain and France

• Passed under Madison; he revoked the Embargo Act

Macon’s Bill #2

The 1st country that would recognize U.S. neutrality between Britain & France, we would trade with, and the other we would shut off

• Napoleon (France) agrees; but turns back on his word

War Hawks

Young members of Congress who want war v. Britain

• Older members of Congress didn’t want war (remembered the Rev. War)

• Mostly from frontier states (Ohio, Kentucky, Tennessee)

• Led by Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina

“Canada, Canada, Canada”

War Hawk’s cry to the War of 1812

Tecumseh

Indian leader who sides with British in War of 1812

• Fought the US in a war before the War of 1812 in Tecumseh’s War

• Tecumseh dies at the Battle of the Thames (1814) during War of 1812

William Henry Harrison

General who defeats Tecumseh’s confederacy and runs the northern part of the War of 1812

Battle of Tippecanoe (1811)

General Harrison’s battle where he defeats Tecumseh’s confederacy and The Prophet

• Defeats The Prophet (Tenskwatawa) = he is Tecumseh’s brother

• The Prophet attacks with a sneak attack and loses

• Tecumseh was not there, he was on a recruiting mission

• This battle ends Tecumseh’s War

• William Henry Harrison is the governor of Indiana Territory at the time

War of 1812

Stalemate war between U.S. & Britain over national sovereignty, territory, & trade

Oliver “Hazard” Hayward Perry

Naval commander who defeats the British at Lake Erie

• Allows William Henry Harrison to prepare for the Battle of the Thames

• Another victory on Lake Champlain by naval captain Thomas Macdonough forces the British to retreat and not invade New York and New England

Battle of the Thames

Battle where Tecumseh is killed
(William Henry Harrison victory)

Francis Scott Key

Writer of the Star Spangled Banner during the siege of Baltimore

Hartford Convention

Federalist convention to determine the future of their party where they discuss secession

Andrew Jackson

General who wins at the Battle of New Orleans

Treaty of Ghent (1814)

Treaty that ends the War of 1812 before the Battle of New Orleans

Battle of New Orleans (1815)

Last battle of the War of 1812 that makes Jackson a national hero

• Gives Jackson a platform for presidency