Atomic Structure (electronic configurations and shells)
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17 Terms
What does a greater n (principal quantum number) mean?
Further electron shell from the nucleus
Higher energy level of the electron shell / electron
Weaker EFA between nucleus and electron
Larger orbital
What is the shape of the s orbital?
Spherical
Non-directional
What happens to the s and p orbitals when n increases?
Increases in size
Becomes more diffuse
What is the shape of a p orbital
Dumbbell
Directional (along the axes)
What are the p orbitals in a subshell?
px, py, pz
What are the d orbitals?
dxz, dxy, dyz dx²-y², dz²
What is the shape of the dxz, dxy and dyz orbitals?
Similar 4-lobed shape with lobes pointing between the axes
What is the shape of the dx²-y² orbital?
4-lobed shape with lobesaligned along the x and y axes
What is the shape of the dz² orbital?
Dumbbell surrounded by a small doughnut shaped ring at its waist
Lined along the z axis
What is the Aufbau Principle?
Order of filling up orbitals to lead to the configuration of the most stable atom 1s→…→ 4s→3d→4p→…
What is the Hund’s Rule?
Orbitals of a subshell must be occupied singly by electrons of parallel spins before pairing can occur
What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?
If there are 2 electrons in the same orbital, they must be of opposite spins
What are the anomalous electronic configurations and how are they written?
24Cr: 1s²…3d^5 4s^1
29Cu: 1s²…3d^10 4s^1
What is the ground state of an atom?
An atom at the lowest energy level, where most atoms are in at RTP
What is the excited state of an atom?
One or more electrons absorb energy and are promoted to a higher energy level
Unstable atoms
Can emit energy to return to the ground state
E.g. 2s² 2p² → 2s1 2p3
What are the general rules for the electronic configurations of cations and anions?
Anions: Electrons added to the next available orbital
Cations: Electrons removed from the orbitals with the highest energy
What are isoelectronic species?
Species with the same total number of electrons
