quiz 2 (weeks 3; GI, endocrine — and 4; cardiology, respiratory)

Describe vomiting

Forceful expulsion of gastric (stomach) contents

Describe regurgitation

A passive, retrograde movement of esophageal contents

Name the medications that might cause GI upset

NSAIDs, steroids, antibiotics

Name some infectious causes of GI upset

Parvo, distemper, Panleukopenia, salmonella, E. Coli, campylobacter, roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, giargia, coccidia

Why are linear foreign bodies potentially more dangerous?

By damaging the intestine and causing peritonitis

Is GDV an emergency?

Yes

What is it called when a section of intestine envelopes the adjacent intestine?

Intussusception

A distended colon filled with severe constipation is called?

Megacolon

What is a cPL or fPL testing for?

Pancreatitis

What colour is bilirubin? What is this pigment change in the mucous membranes called?

Yellow; jaundice or icterus

What triggers hepatic lipidosis?

Rapid weight loss and mobilization of body fat as energy

What is surgical removal of the gall bladder called?

Cholecystectomy

Describe type 1 diabetes

Pancreas does not make insulin anymore, usually due to autoimmune destruction of insulin-secreting cells

Describe type 2 diabetes

Insulin is poorly taken up by cells, due to insulin resistance by cells and insufficient insulin production by the pancreas

Which diabetes type is more common in dogs?

Type 1

Which diabetes type is more common in cats?

Type 2

Which two diagnostic test results need to be present for a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus?

Hyperglycemia and glucosuria

What are the initial signs of diabetes mellitus?

PU/PD, polyphagia, weight loss

What other body system may be visibly affected in dogs (in regards to diabetes)?

Eyes/cataracts

What other body system may be visibly affected in cats (in regards to diabetes)?

Diabetic neuropathy

Is hypoglycemia an emergency?

Yes

Describe hyperthyroidism

Too much thyroid hormone

Describe hypothyroidism

Not enough thyroid hormone

Is hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism more common in dogs?

Hypothyroidism

Is hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism more common in cats?

Hyperthyroidism

What is Cushing’s disease?

Hyperadrenocorticism; too much cortisol/steroid hormone

What is Addison’s disease?

Hypoadrenocorticism; not enough glucocorticoids (cortisol) and mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

Why can Addison’s disease be fatal?

Severe electrolyte imbalance

What are the 3 P’s of Cushings?

Panting, polyphagia, PU/PD

What is the primary congenital cardiac defect in dogs?

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

What is the primary congenital cardiac defect in cats?

Ventricular Septal Defect

What acquired cardiac condition commonly causes a cardiac murmur?

Mitral Valve Disease

With regard to clinical signs of congestive heart disease, define exercise intolerance

Tires easily, e.g. on walks

With regard to clinical signs of congestive heart disease, define cardiac murmur

The sound of turbulent blood flow through the heart

With regard to clinical signs of congestive heart disease, define pulmonary edema

Excessive fluid build-up in the lungs

With regard to clinical signs of congestive heart disease, define ascites

Fluid accumulation in the peritoneal space of the abdomen

With regard to clinical signs of congestive heart disease, define tachypnea

Abnormal rapid breathing rate

With regard to clinical signs of congestive heart disease, define cardiomegaly

Enlarged heart

With regard to clinical signs of dilated cardiomyopathy, define myocardium

Heart muscle

With regard to clinical signs of dilated cardiomyopathy, define arrhythmia

Irregular heart rhythm

With regard to clinical signs of dilated cardiomyopathy, define syncope

Faint

Briefly discuss the relationship between feline Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM) and aortic thromboembolism

With HCM the muscle of the Left Ventricle thickens, reducing the internal space. The Left Atrium enlarges trying to accommodate the extra blood that it cannot easily push into the reduced Left Ventricle space. Blood retained in the Left Atrium that pools may form a clot. If a piece of the clot breaks off and travels into the Left Ventricle and then out into the Aorta, the clot may get stuck as it tries to enter a smaller artery branching off the Aorta. This is called Aortic Thromboembolism. The most common place for the clot to get stuck is at the junction of the Aorta with the branches that supply the back legs. This is called Saddle Thrombus and results in loss of function of the hind legs, coldness of the legs from lack of blood flow and intense pain.

Define thrombus

Clot

What is kennel cough?

Infectious tracheobronchitis. Contagious dry, hacking or “goose honk” cough

What are the common causes of kennel cough?

Bordetella, parainfluenza, adenovirus 2 — we can vaccinate against these. Distemper may start out looking like kennel cough but progresses to a much more serious disease

What is collapsing trachea (or tracheal collapse)?

The trachea has cartilage C shaped rings, each with a corresponding muscle band completing the ring shape. These rings are meant to be rigid and hold the trachea as an open pipe. If the cartilage is weak and the muscle is floppy, that area of the trachea can collapse, causing a non-infectious cough and dyspnea

List the dog breeds in which tracheal collapse more commonly occurs

Miniature poodles, Yorkshire terries, chihuahuas, pomeranians, small and toy breeds

What are the most common viral causes of upper respiratory tract infectious in cats?

Herpes (rhinotracheitis), calicivirus

Describe the clinical signs of URTI in cats

Sneezing, fever, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, corneal ulcers (herpes), and oral ulceration (calici)

Describe the treatment of URTIs in cats

TLC, steam, syringe feeding if needed, maintain adequate intake of fluids, antibiotics, ophthalmic meds, lysine (nutraceutical for herpes), antiviral medications

What is feline bronchial asthma?

An allergic airway disease characterized by coughing and wheezing

What more common condition is feline bronchial asthma often confused with?

Vomiting hairballs

What disturbances to air quality could trigger an asthma attack?

Cigarette smoke, pollens, molds, dusty cat litter, hair sprays and aerosols, air fresheners, diffusers including plug-ins, candles and incense

List some features of BOAS

Stenotic nares (narrow nostril openings), curved nasal passages, elongated soft palate, hypoplastic trachea, laryngeal collapse, redundant soft tissue in laryngeal area, everted laryngeal saccules

What is pulmonary edema?

Fluid in the lungs

What is pleural effusion?

Fluid within the thoracic cavity surrounding the lungs

What is pneumothorax?

Air trapped within the thoracic cavity/pleural space