Moreno Exam 3

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Macronutrient

any nutrient that we need in proportionally large amounts

Essential Nutrient

a compound that a living organism needs to survive

the 9 essential nutrients

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Sulfur

4 major biomolecules carbon is present in

Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, proteins

Carbohydrate

Primary source of energy, structural component

Lipid

Energy storage, cell communication, insulation, structural component

Nucleic acid

components of genetic material and messengers

Proteins

structural component, enzymes, hormones

Carbon is the building block of all ____

soils

Muck Soil

a soil that is dark and rich with an extremely high carbon content (60% carbon by dry weight)

3 Characteristics of muck soil

Rare, negatively charged particles, can spontaneously combust

4 Life support systems

Atmosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere

Forms of carbon in the atmosphere

Carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), CFCs, HFCs

Example of form(s) of carbon in the lithosphere

Soil organic matter (SOM)

Example of form(s) of carbon in the hydrosphere

carbonic acid (H2CO3)

Example of form(s) of carbon in the biosphere

Starch (C6H10O5), Glycogen (C22H42O21)

Flux

Movement between support systems and reservoirs

The first reservoir of carbon

autotrophs

Where do plants and trees store most of their carbon

Stems and trunks, sapwood of trees (xylem)

Processes in Nitrogen Fixation

N2→NH3/NH4+, N2→NH3/NH4+ (Symbiotic)

Processes in Assimilation

NH4+→Organic Nitrogen, NO3-→Organic Nitrogen, Organic Nitrogen → organic Nitrogen

Processes in Nitrification

NH4+→NO2- (ammonia oxidization) → NO3- (Nitrite oxidization)

Processes in Ammonification

Organic N → NH4+

Processes in Denitrification

NO3- → NO2- (Nitrate oxidization) → NO → N2O (incomplete) → N2 (complete)

N2 name

Atmospheric Nitrogen

NH3 name

Ammonia

NH4+ name

Ammonium

Organic Nitrogen Name/compounds

genetic material/amino acids

NO2- name

Nitrite

NO3- Name

Nitrate

NO Name

Nitric oxide

N2O Name

Nitrous Oxide

Reservoirs of the Carbon Cycle

Hydrosphere, Lithosphere, Biosphere, Atmosphere

Key things in carbon cycling

Carbon is found across different life support systems, carbon is stored in reservoirs and in different chemical forms, carbon moves through fluxes, which can either be short term or long term

Fluxes of the carbon cycle

Photosynthesis, respiration, ingestion, death, excretion, diffusion/dissolving, decomposition, runoff

Human impacts in nitrogen cycle

Burning fossil fuels (N2O and NOx), synthetic fertilizer production and use (Increased NO3-, leaching into water source → eutrophication and HABs), excess animal waste (increased ammonification NH3/NH4+), agriculture and harvesting (takes nitrogen within plants elsewhere)