Psyc Final Flashcards - made by me

Theory

A systematic way of organising and explaining observations designed to explain a set of phenomena, more encompassing than a hypothesis.

Example of a theory

Lying is associated with certain personality types.

Hypothesis

A statement which can be tested.

Hypothesis example

The more psychopathic someone is, the more lies they will tell.

Psychopathy

A behaviour of lack of interest in others.

Statistics

Unlikely to be due to chance if the p-value is less than 5%.

Correlation

A number that represents the size and relationship between two things.

William James

One of the founders of psychology - set up the first laboratory intended for teaching psychology.

Wilhelm Wundt

Considered to be one of the founders of psychology - set up first research laboratory - is more important.

Skinners Box

Tool is used to train a rat to behave in a particular way in response to reinforcement.

Skinners Box Example

When light turns green, and the rat presses a lever it gets something to eat.

Social Psychology

The application of psychological knowledge, research, and methods to understanding the social world. It's about understanding the way the world acts, and the way we think, feel, and behave, but also how we influence the social context in which we fit in through the way we feel and behave.

Albert

Important in contemporary clinical psychology. Developed CBT.

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)

Focuses on helping people identify the links between their cognition (thinking) and behaviour.

Maslow

Important to humanism.

Humanism

Views people above everything else.

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs pyramid

Things at bottom are necessities, things at top are wants.

Sigmund freud

Discovered the Structural model of the psyche made up of the unconscious mind, the id and ego.

The id

Unconscious mind seeking immediate gratification.

Ego

Balances desires with reality.

Superego

Enforces morals and societal norm.

Trepanation

Drilling holes into peoples skulls for therapy.

Nativism

We are born with every faculty we eventually exhibit.

Empiricism

Everything we can do we learn how to do.

Functionalism

Was discovered by James. The idea that parts of the brain have specific functions.

The four humors

Personality results from a balance of four fluids

• blood - sanguine (cheerful)

• black bile - melancholic (unhappy)

• yellow bile - choleric (bad tempered)

• phlegm - phlegmatic (calm)

Blood

Sanguine (cheerful).

Black bile

melancholic (unhappy).

Yellow bile

Choleric (bad tempered).

Phlegm

Phlegmatic (calm).

Soma Times

Our personalities reflect the shape of our bodies.

Nurture

We are all born a blank slate.

Panopto

We are all born evil

Galton

Argued to what extent do we inherit qualities from our parents. Those with better parents have better life outcomes.

Eugenics

Eliminating undesirable traits from society by killing people with them.

Rosenthal

Discovered the Pygmalion and Gollum affects.

The pygmalion affect

People are outcomes of the way they are treated.

The gollum affect

People aren’t outcomes of the ways they are treated.

Bandura

Studied how being around violence impact behaviour.

Norman Triplett hypothesis

That individuals performance is facilitated by others.

Social facilitation

The positive affect of observers on an individuals performance.

Information influence

Conformity increases if there were more neutral trials at the start.

Normative influence

Increasing interdependence of participants by promising a reward to the most accurate group.

Compliance

Conformity primary because of concern about how they will be perceived while privately disagreeing.

Conversion

Conformity primary because of belief that others are right then they have changed their own private opinion.

Group membership

If people feel they belong with others a behaviour of those others becomes a norm that is internalised and relevant for behaviour as a group member.

Conformity

When it feels like you need to do something.

Obedience

When you are being told to do something.

Cultural psychology

Studies the way people are affected by their culture.

Cross-cultural psychology

Tries to distinguish universal psychological processes from those that are specific to certain cultures.

Emic

Approaches research and makes approaches that’s focused primarily within a cultural context.

Etic

Looks at psychological questions that are ideally informed by cross-cultural perspectives. so not assuming that the viewpoint of any one culture is going to be relevant in answering a particular question.

Individualist culture

Where the individual’s needs are prioritised.

Collectivist culture

Where the needs of the group are prioritised.

Correspondance bias

Tendency to attribute others behaviour to internal dispositions rather than situational constraints.

Self-serving bias

Tendency to attribute our own positive outcomes to internal, stable, ‘causes,’ and negative outcomes to external, unstable factors.

Stanford prison study

Tested authoritarianism. Intended to evaluate the causes of problems in navy prisons. was conducted by Philip Zimbardo.

Depersonalisation

Switch to group level self categorisation. Seeing themselves as the group they belong to - guard, prisoner. Often referred to as engaging in dehumanization; treating others like objects, or without regard for feelings 

Deindividualization

Loss of self-awareness in groups.

Adorno et al

They argued that some people are prejudiced at the personality level.

Conventionalism

The idea that the world shouldn’t change.

Authoritarian submission

The idea that you should do what you are told.

Authoritarian aggression

The idea that if you don’t do what you are told it is okay that you get beat up.

What happens if a child is punished too much

If parents negatively reinforce and punish kids too often, the child develops a controlling personality, and consequently a dangerous world belief.

Cognitive Dissonance

The feeling of uncomfortable tension which comes from holding two conflicting thoughts in the mind at the same time. Often strong when we believe something about ourselves, but our behaviour is inconsistent with that belief. The discomfort often feels like a tension with two opposing thoughts.

Idea behind little Albert

Process of reinforcement - we are required to do things people are wanting us to do. punished for things people don’t want us to do.

Little Albert experiment

White rat and loud noise. After a while the baby starts crying because of the presence of the rat - no longer need the noise that goes along with it. If behaviour is not reinforced over time, it will become distinguished.

Bioethical principles

• Respect of autonomy (people choose if they want to participate).

• Beneficence (doing something for good).

• Non-maleficence (not doing things for evil).

• Justice (doing things that maintain a just world).

Ringelmann affect

In bigger groups individual effort decreases.

Social loafing

A reduction in individual effort when working on a collective task. (In which one’s output are pulled with those of other group members) compared to working alone or coactively.

Bystander affect

The finding that a lone bystander is more likely to give someone help than any one of several bystanders.

Diffusion of responsibility

Simular to social loafing - the presence of others provides an opportunity to transfer the responsibility to act onto someone else. The more someone else’s there are, the greater the diffusion.

Audience inhabitation

The presence of others makes people self-conscious of an intended action.

Social influence

Other onlookers serve as models for action.

Pluralistic ignorance

Unworried other dissuade/discourage individual intervention even if they are worried.

Strangers vs friends

If other onlookers are strangers, then helping is inhibited (communication is slower), however, inhibition is decreased even among strangers if it is known there will be future opportunities to interact.

Reduced personal accomplishment

A negative response towards oneself and ones accomplishments.

Trauma

When an individual is exposed to actual or threatened death, serious injury or sexual violence.

Physiognomy

Dispositions follow bodily characteristics… physical appearance (face) is a window on the psyche.

Sigmund Freuds topographical model

The way we think can be broken down into three basic levels. The unconscious, preconscious, and the unconscious.

Carl Jung

Important to introversion and extraversion.

The nomothetic approach

Identification, measurement and description of common traits across individuals.

The ideographic approach

Identification of the unique combination of traits the account for an individual’s personality.

The big five

Openness, consciousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism.

DeYoung

Invented the big five.

Narcissist

Thinks they are all that - worry they’re not and that everyone else should recognise their all that.

Machiavellian personality

Relative lack of affect in interpersonal relationships. Lack of concern for conventional mortality. Lack of gross psychopathy. Low ‘ideological’ commitment. Less attentive of emotion of other people in their lives.

Psychopaths

Predicts re-offending, and breaking break the law differently to other offenders i.e starts younger, spends more time in prison, behaves worse in prison.

Three groups of psychopathy

Interpersonal, affective, behavioural.

Interpersonal psychopathy

Arrogant, callous, manipulative.

Affective psychopathy

Shallow, irritable, lacking remorse

Behavioural psychopathy

Parasitic, impulsive, irresponsive, breaks rules.

Karpman

Invented primary and secondary psychopathy.

Primary psychopathy

Dodgy personality and effect.

Secondary psychopathy

Disorganised lifestyle.

Antisocial personality disorder

APD.

Subcriminal psychopaths

Higher functioning psychopaths manages to stay on the right side of the law.

The dark triad

Psychopathy, narcissism, and machiavellianism.

The dark tetrad

Psychopathy, narcissism, machiavellianism, AND sadism.

By Maori

Research done by Maori or have Maori as part of the research team.