Biology Lecture Exam 3

List the three common traits that all animals share

1. Animals are heterotrophs (unlike plants) that ingest then digest their food (unlike fungi).

2. Animals are multicellular eukaryotes that lack cell walls (unlike plants and fungi); they instead use extracellular protein fibers like collagen for structure and support.
   – Animals possess unique muscle and nervous tissues.

3. Animals sexually reproduce via the diplontic lifestyle (unlike plants and fungi).

Describe early animal development from zygote to adult

Zygote→ Blastula→ Gastrula→ Embryo→ Larvae→ Juvenile→ Adult

Describe the common ancestor of all animals and how this relates
to their closest living relative

• Single celled organism

• Similar to modern choanoflagellates

• Protist

• Possess collar cells

State the five major evolutionary steps in animal phylogeny, including the three major bilateria clades

• All animals share a common ancestor

• Porifera are basal (basic)

• Eumetazoa possess true tissues

• Bilateria are triploblastic bilaterians

• Three major clades

  • Deutorostomia

  • Lophotrochozoa

  • Ecdysozoa

What are the different types of symmetry

• Bilateral

• Radial

• Asymmetric

What are the tissue organizations

• Diploblastic

  • ectoderm, endoderm, (and non living mesoglea)

• Triploblastic

  • endoderm, ectoderm, and mesoderm

What are the body cavities

• Acoelomate

• Pseudocoelomate

• Coelomate

What is the early development of animal body plans?

• Protostome

• Deuterostome

Cephalochordata

Head strings

Urochordata

Tail strings

Craniates

Skulls

Gnathostomes

Jaws

Osteichthyes

Bony verts with lungs

Tetrapods

Four limbs with feet with digits

Amniotes

Amniotic egg, keratinized skin

Eumetazoa

True tissues

Bilateria

Triploblastic bilaterians

Deuterostomia

Most deuterostomes

Ecdysozoans

Nematodes and arthropods

Lophotrochozoans

• Lophophore structure (cilliated crown of tentacles for feeding)

• Trochophore larval stage

• Platyhelmenthes, molluscs, annelids

Animal Evolution

• Neoproterozoic Era (of Proterozoic Eon)

• Paleozoic Era (of Phanerozoic Eon)

• Ordovician Period

• Devonian Period

• Mesozoic Era

• Cenozoic Era

Porifera

• Animal clades they are part of

• Presence or absence of tissues

• Important cells of note

• Body plans (how are these cells/tissues organized?)

• Symmetry

• Reproduction methods/structures/details

• Ecological roles

• Metazoa

• Absence of tissues

• Porocytes

• Non living mesohyl

• Asymmetry

• Reproduction

  • Asexual

    • Budding

    • Fragmentation

    • Gemmules

  • Sexual

    • Monoecious/ hermaphroditic

• Filter water, symbiotic relationships

Cnidaria

• Animal clades they are part of

• Presence or absence of tissues

• Important cells of note

• Body plans (how are these cells/tissues organized?)

• Asymmetry

• Reproduction methods/structures/details

• Major groups

• Ecological roles

• Eumetazoans

• Tissues present

• Cnidocytes

• Diploblastic, Medusa or Polyp

• Radial

• Reproduction

  • Asexual

    • Budding

  • Sexual

• Medusozoans and anthozoans

• Symbiotic relationships, land protection

Common traits of all bilaterians

• Bilateral symmetry

• Triploblastic

Major animals of the lophotrochozoan clade

• Flatworms

• Lophophorates

• Molluscs

• Annelids

Platyhelmenthes

• Body cavities and general body plans

• Note any key excretory, digestive, respiratory, circulatory, and
  nervous tissues and organs

• Describe their forms of reproduction

• List and recognize key clades/animals and their defining features

• Acoelomates

• Gas exchange across surface, protonephridia, gastrovascular cavities

• Reproduction

  • Asexual

    • Regeneration/ fragmentation

  • Sexual

    • Monoecious

• Planarians (nudibranch looking), flukes (flat ones), and tapeworms (scolex)

Mollusca

• Body cavities and general body plans

• Note any key excretory, digestive, respiratory, circulatory, and
  nervous tissues and organs

• Describe their forms of reproduction

• List and recognize key clades/animals and their defining features

• Muscular foot, visceral mass, mantle, shell

• Nephridia, open circulatory systems, ctenidia, nerve ring and cords

  • cephalopods have complex brains and sensory organs

• Alimentary canals, radula/ beaks/ siphons

• Reproduction

  • Asexually

    • Parthenogenesis

  • Sexually

    • Dioecious- trochophoe

• Polyplacophora (chitons), gastropoda, bivalvia, cephalopoda

Annelida

• Body cavities and general body plans

• Note any key excretory, digestive, respiratory, circulatory, and
  nervous tissues and organs

• Describe their forms of reproduction

• List and recognize key clades/animals and their defining features

• Bilateral triploblastic coelomates, segmented bodies

• Ventral nerve chord, lateral nerves, gizzard and crop, closed circulatory system, gills, ganglia (brains)

• Reproduction

  • Asexually

    • budding/ fragmentation

  • Sexual

    • Trochophore larvae

• Errantia (mobile), and Sedentaria (sedentary)

What trait do ecdysozoans share

• animals covered in a cuticle that must be shed

Nematode body cavities, movement, and reproduction

• Pseudocoelem

• Rapid thrashing movement

• Asexual and sexual reproduction

Arthropods key animal groups

• Insects

• Arachnids

• Crustaceans

• Myriapods

Arthropods distinct body forms

jointed bodies

Arthropods general body systems

• out pockets of digestive tract

• open circulatory system

• complex nervous systems, brains, nerve chords, and sensory organs

Arthropods reproduction

• sexual and asexual

Arthropods three major lineages

• Chelicerates

• Myriapods

• Pancrustaceans

Echinoderms deuterostome relatives

Chordates

Echinoderm symmetry and body plan

• Bilateral larvae, radial adults

• Water vascular system, nerve ring with radial rings, sensory tube feet

Evolutionary steps of chordates

Vertebrates are found in the phylum Chordata: metazoan (animal), eumetazoan (true tissues), bilaterian (bilateral triploblastic coloeomates) that join Echinodermata in the clade Deuterostomia

4 major chordate characteristics and uses

• Notochord

  • provide endo- skeletal support

• Dorsal, hollow nerve chord

  • develops into central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)

• Pharyngeal slits or clefts

  • suspension feeding, gas exchange, develop to ear, head, neck

• Muscular, post anal tail

  • propelling forces

Major amphibian orders

• Salamanders

• Frogs

• Caecillians

Two major lineages of reptiles

• Archosaurs

• Lepidosaurs

Mammalian lineages and derived traits

• Monotremes - egg laying mammals

• Marsupials - placenta, born early, completes development in marsupium

• Eutherians - placental mammals

Primate lineages and derived traits

• Lemurs, lorises, and pottos

• Tarsiers

• Anthropoids - monkeys and apes

• Feet for grasping, flat nails, large brain and short jaws, forward looking eyes, complex social behaviours, opposable thumbs

Anthropoid lineage

• Monkeys - New world and old world

• Apes- gibbons, orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, bonobos, + humans

  • Great apes (family Hominidae)- all except gibbons

Define hominins and their human derived traits

• Hominins- Human like apes

• Bipedal locomotion

• Larger brains capable of language, symbolic thought, artistic expression, the manufacture and use of complex tools

Human taxonomy and phylogeny

Domain- Eukarya

Kingdom- Animalia

Phylum- Chordata

Class- Mammalia

Order- Primate

Family- Homodinae

Genus- Homo

Species- Sapiens

General form of evidence for history of life on earth

• Geology

  • Paleontology

  • Radiometric dating

Order of major events

Pangea formation, evolution of photosynthesis,
abiogenesis, the Carboniferous period, prokaryote evolution, evolution of
multicellular life, tetrapod evolution, evolution of aerobic metabolism, the
formation of Earth and its oceans, the Cambrian explosion, evolution of
eukaryotes, evolution of mammals, colonization of land, and the evolution of
angiosperms

Cause and effect of mass extinctions and adaptive radiation

• Mass extinction

  • massive losses in species diversity, often the result of disruptive
    global environmental changes

• Adaptive radiation

  • rapid increase in number of species from a group of organisms

Order of eons, eras, and periods and note their major events

• Hadean Eon- Hell

• Archean Eon

  • prokaryotic life

  • photosynthesis

• Proterozoic Eon

  • Great oxygen event

  • eukaryotic life

  • multicellular life

• Phanerozoic Eon

  • Paleozoic era

    • Cambrian Period

      • Cambrian explosion

    • Ordovician Period

      • colonization of land

    • Devonian Period

      • tetrapods and arthropods

    • Carboniferous Period

      • plants rule

    • Permian Period

      • pangea

  • Mesozoic era

    • Triassic Period

      • Permian-triassic extinction

    • Jurassic Period

      • dinosaurs rule

    • Cretaceous Period

      • K-T extinction

  • Cenozoic era

    • Palogene Period

    • Neogene Period

    • Quaternary Period

Prokaryotic vs Eukaryotic cells

• Prokaryotic

  • smaller, simpler, lack nucleus and other membrane enclosed organelles

• Eukaryotic

  • larger, more complex, has membrane enclosed organelles

Phylogeny

The study of evolutionary relationships between organisms

Taxonomy

The science of naming and grouping a species

Sympatric speciation

• Forming of new species without geographical isolation

  • Habitat isolation

  • Temporal isolation

  • Behavioural isolation

  • Mechanical isolation

  • Gametic isolation

Prokaryotic cell walls

Peptidoglycan