Comprehensive Quizlet on Autocracy, Enlightenment, and Industrial Revolution

What are the two types of autocracy?

Monarchy and Dictatorship.

Define autocracy.

A government in which one person has all the power.

What is an absolute monarchy?

A monarchy where the leader's family possesses total power.

What is the Age of Absolutism?

A period when European monarchs increased centralized power.

What does 'divine right to rule' mean?

The belief that monarchs are chosen by God to rule.

What are natural rights?

Basic rights that everyone should have simply for being born.

What is the social contract?

An agreement where people give up some freedoms to live in peace.

What is the principle of limited government?

The government's power needs to be restricted to protect people's rights.

What is the concept of consent of the governed?

The idea that the people must approve and support their government.

What is individual liberty?

The freedom of people to think, speak, and act as they choose.

What does separation of powers mean?

Different branches of government have their own powers to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.

What was the Enlightenment?

A European intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individualism over tradition.

How did Enlightenment ideas influence revolutions?

They inspired both the American and French Revolutions.

What is the Napoleonic Code?

A system of laws established for France that promoted order and authority.

What was the Congress of Vienna?

A peace conference after Napoleon that restored kings to power.

What was the impact of the Agricultural Revolution?

It increased food availability and led to population growth.

What was the enclosure movement?

Wealthy landlords fenced in pastures, forcing small farmers to work for them or move to cities.

What invention did Jethro Tull create?

The seed drill, which planted seeds efficiently.

What were the new crops introduced during the Agricultural Revolution?

Corn and potatoes.

What is nationalism?

Extreme pride in one's own country.

What social structure existed in Latin America under Spanish rule?

Power was held by the Peninsulares, with a rigid system preventing others from rising in status.

What were the main causes of revolutions in Latin America?

Enlightenment ideas, royal abuses, and the influence of the American and French Revolutions.

What technological advancement allowed for the rise of factories?

The invention of machines too large for homes, leading to factory production.

What were the primary power sources for early factories?

Water mills, coal, and steam engines.

Who invented the steam engine and why was it significant?

James Watt; it enabled quicker transportation of goods.

What impact did textile factories have on prices?

Prices of textiles became much lower than hand-produced items.

What was the Cottage Industry?

A system where families worked in their homes to produce textiles using their own equipment.

What geographical advantages did England have during the Industrial Revolution?

Good climate for textile production, abundant natural resources, and separation from European wars.

How did the government support industrialization in England?

By encouraging international trade and building canals and roads.

What role did banks play in the Industrial Revolution?

They provided loans to individuals to invest in new inventions.

What was the significance of England's colonial empire during the Industrial Revolution?

It supplied raw materials and provided markets for manufactured goods.

What was the English Factory System?

A system that involved mass production of goods using water- or steam-powered machines.

What legislation was passed to regulate factory work from 1800 to 1850?

Factory Acts, including the 1850 Act that limited children's working hours.

What were some negative effects of industrialization?

Poor working conditions, environmental pollution, and rapid urbanization.

What were some positive effects of industrialization?

Improved education, better transportation, and growth of the middle class.

What is capitalism?

An economic system where industry and trade are privately controlled for profit without government interference.

Who is associated with the principles of capitalism?

Adam Smith, who emphasized self-interest in economic activities.

What is socialism?

An economic system where the factors of production are subject to social and government control.

What is communism?

A form of socialism where all property is publicly owned and class divisions are eliminated.

What is a strike?

A refusal to work organized by employees to protest for better conditions or concessions.

What is a union?

An organized association of workers formed to protect their rights and interests.

What was the Scramble for Africa?

A period of rapid colonization of Africa by European countries for economic and political reasons.

What does imperialism mean?

Extending a nation's influence over weaker areas, often through colonization.

What were the motives for imperialism summarized by the acronym EMPIRE?

Economic, Military, Political, Ideological, Religious, and Exploratory motives.

What is the significance of environmental pollution as a negative effect of industrialization?

It resulted from increased industrial activity and urbanization, impacting health and ecosystems.

How did industrialization contribute to the growth of the middle class?

It created new job opportunities and increased wealth for many individuals.

What was the role of merchants in the cottage industry?

They supplied raw materials to families who produced textiles for sale.

What was the impact of the Factory Act of 1850?

It limited children's working hours to 60 hours per week and 10.5 hours per day.

What does 'Laissez Faire' mean in economic terms?

A policy of minimal government intervention in business and the economy.

What raw materials did Britain seek from India during imperialism?

Cotton, tea, silk, spices, opium, indigo, coffee, leather

What was the primary purpose of the British East India Trading Company?

To establish trade posts and control trade in India

What was the governance strategy used by the British in India?

Indirect Rule, using local leaders and existing power structures

What triggered the Rebellion of 1857 in India?

The Sepoys were angered by the British ignoring local culture and the rumor about cartridges lined with animal fat.

What was the outcome of the Rebellion of 1857?

The British Army crushed the Sepoys, leading to the abolition of the East India Trading Company and direct British control over India.

What event marked the beginning of the Opium Wars in China?

The Chinese were angered over the opium trade, leading to naval battles against the British.

What was the Boxer Rebellion?

A failed attempt by Chinese nationalists to expel Western powers from China in 1900.

What was the Balkans' significance in early 20th-century Europe?

The Balkans were a geopolitical region with diverse ethnic groups, considered war-prone and problematic.

What event ignited World War I?

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary.

What role did alliances play in the outbreak of World War I?

The web of treaties led to a rapid escalation of conflict after the assassination.

What does the acronym MAIN stand for in the context of World War I?

Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

What was trench warfare?

A method of fighting in World War I where both sides dug trenches protected by mines and barbed wire.

What were the living conditions like in the trenches during World War I?

Long periods of boredom mixed with brief terror, poor living conditions, and constant threats of disease.

What is trench foot?

A condition caused by standing in cold and wet environments for extended periods, leading to restricted blood flow.

How did imperialism contribute to tensions in Europe leading to World War I?

Competition for colonies and resources among European nations heightened nationalistic tensions.

What was the impact of the Industrial Revolution on European nations during imperialism?

It led to modernization and a sense of superiority, driving competition for colonies.

What was the significance of the Triple Alliance?

It was a military alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy aimed at mutual defense.

What was the significance of the Triple Entente?

It was an alliance between France, Russia, and Great Britain to counter the Triple Alliance.

What was the role of telecommunications and transportation networks in British control of India?

They facilitated the reinforcement of British power and control over the region.

What was the British strategy for maintaining control in India?

Using treaties, local leaders, and minimal direct presence while reinforcing existing structures.

What was the primary reason for the British to establish trading posts in India?

To trade goods such as cotton, silk, indigo, saltpeter, and tea.

What was the role of nationalism in the context of World War I?

It fostered pride in one's country and tensions among different nationalist groups.

What were the consequences of the Opium Wars for China?

Loss of sovereignty and control over trade, leading to foreign domination.

What was the significance of the 19th-century spheres of influence in China?

Foreign nations controlled trade and investments, undermining China's sovereignty.

What is a machine gun?

A mounted gun that fires a rapid continuous stream of bullets, allowing few soldiers to kill many more quickly.

What was the purpose of tanks in WWI?

Armored vehicles that traveled on tracks, first used at the Battle of the Somme in 1916 to break through barbed wire and protect troops.

What is a submarine?

An underwater ship capable of launching torpedoes or underwater bombs, first used by Germany to destroy Allied ships.

What effects did poison gas have in WWI?

Caused choking, blinding, or severe skin blisters; gas masks were used to protect soldiers from these effects.

Who invented 'Big Bertha'?

Gustav Krupp, a German inventor, responsible for a mobile howitzer that fired large shells over long distances.

What was the Battle of Verdun?

The longest and bloodiest battle of WWI, fought from February 21 to December 18, 1916, resulting in 400,000 French casualties.

What was the significance of the Battle of the Somme?

Fought from July 1 to November 1916, it aimed to relieve pressure on Verdun, resulting in over 1 million casualties.

What characterized the Eastern Front in WWI?

Fought mostly between Russia and Germany, it was marked by a more mobile front and easier breakthroughs.

What was the outcome of the Russian Revolution of 1917?

Led by Vladimir Lenin, it resulted in the overthrow of the Tsar and Russia's withdrawal from WWI through the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

What is total war?

A military conflict where all available weapons are used and a nation's full financial resources are devoted to the war effort.

What was the purpose of rationing during WWI?

To conserve food and other goods for military use, affecting citizens' daily lives and industries.

What roles did women play on the homefront during WWI?

Women worked in munitions factories and took on roles traditionally held by men, advocating for more rights.

What is a conscientious objector?

An individual who refuses to participate in military service due to moral or religious beliefs.

What was the impact of the armistice signed on November 11, 1918?

It marked the end of hostilities in WWI, requiring the surrender of German weapons and the withdrawal of German forces.

Who was Marshal Ferdinand Foch?

The Supreme Allied Commander who met with German representatives to negotiate the armistice.

What was propaganda in the context of WWI?

Information spread to influence public opinion, often biased, used to promote a particular cause or political agenda.

What was the significance of the Western Front?

Fought along a 400-mile stretch characterized by trench warfare, it was a key battleground in WWI.

What was the main goal of the Women's Social and Political Union (WSPU)?

To advocate for women's suffrage and political rights.

What was the impact of the Russian Revolution on WWI?

It transformed the war from a two-front conflict to a one-front war, allowing Central Powers to focus their military efforts.

What was the Battle of Tannenberg?

A major defeat for Russia early in WWI, showcasing their unpreparedness.

What were the conditions of the armistice?

Included the end of hostilities, surrender of German weapons, and withdrawal of German forces.

What was the role of children on the homefront during WWI?

Children participated in various activities to support the war effort, including conservation and fundraising.

What was the significance of air raids during WWI?

Air raids, particularly in London, caused destruction and instilled fear among civilians.

What are the main uses of propaganda during wartime?

To influence public opinions, boost recruitment, raise morale, censor/control information, and encourage sacrifice.

List some techniques used in propaganda.

Name-calling, transfer, bandwagon, testimonials, plain folks, glittering generalities.

What significant event occurred in Russia in 1917?

The Bolshevik Revolution, leading to Russia's withdrawal from WWI.

What was the U.S. policy at the beginning of WWI?

Isolationism, which involved staying out of European affairs and remaining neutral.