Lecture Exam 1

0.0(0)
studied byStudied by 26 people
GameKnowt Play
learnLearn
examPractice Test
spaced repetitionSpaced Repetition
heart puzzleMatch
flashcardsFlashcards
Card Sorting

1/59

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

Prep for exam of week one comp anat class (summer)

Study Analytics
Name
Mastery
Learn
Test
Matching
Spaced

No study sessions yet.

60 Terms

1
New cards

Modern Theory of Evolution

Change in genetic composition (gene pool) of populations over time (generations)

2
New cards

List Darwin’s Postulates of Evolution

1. Individuals vary within a population

2. Some variation can be passed from parents to offspring

3. In every generation, more offspring are produced than will ultimately survive to reproduce

4. Survival is not random, and those offspring that survive to reproduce are those with favorable variation

3
New cards

Systematics

The study of the diversity of organisms andtheir evolutionary relationships

4
New cards

Phylogenetics

the science of reconstructing evolutionary relationships

5
New cards

Taxonomy

the science of biological nomenclature and classification

6
New cards

Node

A split within a lineage resulting in separate diverging lineages

7
New cards

Root

Common ancestor of all organisms within a phylogenetic tree

8
New cards

characters

the traits which can be compared

9
New cards

character states

the various conditions of a character

10
New cards

Homoplasy (Homoplastic Characters)

Similarity of structures in function or external appearance but not in essential structure or origin
- characteristics that are overtly similar but which are not evolutionarily the same
- were not present in the most recent common ancestor
- are generally the result of adaptation to similar environments and indicative of convergent evolution

11
New cards

Describe a monophyletic group

Includes a most recent common ancestor plus all of its descendants. Also referred to as a clade - a natural group

12
New cards

Describe a paraphyletic group

includes a most recent common ancestor plus only some of its descendants. Also referred to as a grade - not a natural group

13
New cards

Synapomorphies

Define monophyletic groups and are the most important character in a cladistic analysis, which allows us to identify sister group relationships

14
New cards

How old is earth?

4.5 BYO

15
New cards

How old is life on earth?

3.9 BYO

16
New cards

Animals originate when (approximately)?

565 MYA

17
New cards

Name the three germ layers that characterize Bilateria

Ectoderm (outer layer - integument)
Endoderm (inner layer - lining gut)
Mesoderm (middle layer - forming muscle layers and numerous organs)

18
New cards

Into what two categories are bilateria divided into?

Bilaterally symmetrical animals are divided into two major groups based on the presence of a coelom

19
New cards

Schizocoelous

Characteristic of protostome animals (Protostomata)
- Blastopore forms mouth
- Anus forms from opening that develops
later

20
New cards

Enterocoelous

Characteristic of deuterostome animals (Deuterostomata)
- Blastopore forms anus
- Mouth forms from opening that develops later

21
New cards

Deuterostomes

Phylum Xenoturbellida


Ambulocraria
-Phylum Echinodermata
-Phylum Hemichordata


Phylum Chordata
-Subphylum Cephalochordata
-Subphylum Urochordata
-Subphylum Vertebrata

22
New cards

The five chordate characters that must be present at some stage during development.

1. Notochord

2. Dorsal Hollow Nerve Chord

3. Pharyngeal Slits/Pouches

4. Postanal Tail

5. Endostyle

23
New cards

Paedomorphosis

Neoteny - the retention of larval
characteristics in an adult form


Progenesis - attainment of sexual
maturity in a larval form

24
New cards

What is the scientific name of the Dogfish? (the fish disected in lab)

Squalus acanthias

25
New cards

What group does Squalus acanthias belong to?

Chondrichthyes

26
New cards

What are the little pores that can be found on dogfish? They will exude a “jelly” substance when squeezed.

Ampullae of Lorenzini

27
New cards

How might one tell the difference between adductor and abductor muscles?

Adductors add to the center line of the body while abductors abstract (subtract) from the center line

28
New cards

What are the names of the earliest known vertebrates found in China

Haikouella and Haikouichthys

29
New cards

What group are lampreys in?

Petromyzontiformes

30
New cards

Cenzoic era is commonly reffered to as the “Age of ________”

Mammals

31
New cards

The Devonian period is commonly referred to as the “Age of _________”

Fishes

32
New cards

What kind of group are Lizards? Monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic?

Paraphyletic

33
New cards

What kind of group are snakes? Monophyletic, paraphyletic, or polyphyletic?

Monophyletic

34
New cards

The Jurassic and Cretaceous periods are known as what?

“Age of Dinosaurs”

35
New cards

What does Dinosaur mean?

Terrible Lizard

36
New cards

What three groups are in Dinosauria

Ornithischia, Saurischia, Aves

37
New cards

What is the difference between Ornithischia and Saurischia?

Ornithiscia are Bird hipped, pubis is parrel to the ischium; Saurishcia are lizard hipped, the pubis is perpendicular to the ischium

38
New cards

Which of the following is not considered to belong to the group “Rhipidistia”:

Eustenopteron

Panderichthyes

Acanthostega

Tiktaalik

Acanthostega

39
New cards

Tetrapoda are characterized by…

Muscular limbs with digits

40
New cards

the term “ammocete” refers to the larval stage of which group?

Petromyzontiformes

41
New cards

What are the modified sweat glands? And their function?

Ceruminous glands—lining of the external ear canal; secrete cerumen (earwax)

Mammary glands – secrete milk to feed the young

42
New cards

What are the four chromatapores?

Melanophores, Xanthophores, Erythrophores, Iridiophores

43
New cards

Melanophores purpose

brown and black pigment, Provide protection from UV radiation, Found in most vertebrates

44
New cards

Xanthophores color

Yellow pigment

45
New cards

Erythrophores color

Orange/Red pigment

46
New cards

Iridiophores

Possess guanine crystals, Iridescent colors through light scattering, Provides Blue/Green Coloration

47
New cards

Which germ layer is the epidermis derived from?

Ectoderm

48
New cards

Which germ layer is the dermis derived from?

Mesoderm

49
New cards
50
New cards

What are the major stages of embryological
development?

1. Zygote
2. Morula
3. Blastula
4. Gastrula
5. Neurula

51
New cards
52
New cards

Provide 2 synapomorphies of Osteichthyes.

  1. Bony skeleton

  2. Lungs or swim bladder (gas filled bladder)

53
New cards

What is the plesiomorphic condition of the
integument in vertebrates

a layered structure with scales or dermal armor.

54
New cards

What are the 3 subphyla of chordates and what is
our current understanding of their evolutionary
relationships.

the three subphyla are Cephalochordata, Urochordata, and Vertebrata, which exhibit a hierarchical evolutionary relationship, suggesting that vertebrates evolved from a common ancestor shared with the other subphyla.

55
New cards

Von Baer’s law

A general principle of embryology stating that the development of a species proceeds from more general to more specific forms, indicating that early embryos of different species exhibit similarities.

56
New cards

Biogenetic law

The principle that the development of an embryo follows the same progression as the evolutionary history of the species, often summarized by "ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny."

57
New cards

Provide two characters that Myxiniformes and
Petromyzontiformes share in common and one
difference between them.

Both Myxiniformes and Petromyzontiformes are jawless fish that possess a notochord and have a similar larval stage, but Myxiniformes are characterized by their lack of eyes and the presence of slime glands, whereas Petromyzontiformes have well-developed eyes.

58
New cards

What type of characters can inform us about
phylogenetic relationships.

Synapomorphies, or derived characteristics, can inform us about phylogenetic relationships by highlighting traits that are unique to specific lineages.

59
New cards

Provide the three
extraembryonic membranes found only in the eggs
of amniotes and their function.

The three extraembryonic membranes are the amnion (which protects the embryo), chorion (involved in gas exchange), and allantois (which stores waste products and aids in respiration).

60
New cards

What fossil group of fishes is the earliest group to
possess jaws? What are vertebrates which possess
jaws referred to as (e.g., classification)?

The earliest group of fishes that possessed jaws is the placoderms. Vertebrates with jaws are referred to as gnathostomes.