Studied by 77 people1.Abolitionism
Freedom for enslaved people and the end of serfdom
2.Agricultural Revolution
An unprecedented increase in agricultural production in Britain arising from increases in laborand land productivity between the mid-17thand late 19thcenturies.
3.Anti-Semitism
Hostility toward Jews, and pogroms
4.Assembly Line
A series of workers and machines in a factory by which a succession of identical items is progressively assembled (put together)
5.Bastille
A former prison that symbolized the abuses of the monarchy and the corrupt aristocracy
6.Bessemer Process
Blasting the molten metal (steel) with air as a means of removing impurities as well as helping keep the metal from solidifying. Whichcreated a much stronger steel
7.Bourgeoisie
Middle class and investors who owned machinery and factories where workers produced goods
8.Bushido
The code of conduct for the samurai
9.Capital
Money available to invest in businesses
10.Capitalism
An economic system in which the means of production, such as factories and natural resources, are privately owned and are operated for profit
11.Captains of industry
The new top class. Industrialists and owners of large corporations. Leaders of the new modern society.
12.Caudillos
Latin America: Strong, local leaders with regional power bases. Intervened in national politics to make or break governments.
13.Charter Oath
Japan: Outlined the main aims and the course of action to be followed during emperor Meiji’s reign, setting the legal stage for Japan’s modernization
14.Classical liberalism
A belief in natural rights, constitutional government, laissez-fair economics, and reduced spending on armies and established churches.
15.Coaling Stations
Fueling stations that had coal or oil at them so they could serve commercial and naval vessels.
16.Coke
A refined form of coal that made possible the use of much larger iron producing furnaces.
17.Communism
A political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leadingto a society in which all property is publicly owned (government) and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs
18.Company Rule
British East India Company control over parts of the Indian subcontinent from 1757-1858. Steep Britishtariffs led to the decline of India’s ability to mine and work metals
19.Conservatism
A belief in traditional institutions, favoring reliance on practical experience over ideological theories. Commitment to traditional values and ideas with opposition to change or innovation
20.Consumer
A person or a group who intends to order or use purchased goods, products or services primarily for personal, social, family, or household.
21.Consumerism
The preoccupation of society with acquisition of consumer goods
22.Corporations
A business chartered by a government as a legal entity owned by stockholders
23.Cottage Industry
“putting-out system” Merchants provided raw cotton to women who spun it into finished cloth in their own homes.
24.Coup d’état
The sudden, violent overthrow of an existing government by a small group by taking control of the military or police
25.Creoles
Latin America: Born of European ancestry in the Americas. Well educated and aware of the ideas behind the revolutions around the world
26.Crop Rotation
Rotating different crops in and out of a field each year
27.Declaration of the Rights of Man
France: A statement declaring basic human rights
28.Defensive modernization
Japan: Consciously adapted technology and institutions developed in Europe and the United States in order to protect its traditional cultures
29.Deism
The belief that a divinity (God) simply set natural laws in motion.
30.Disposable income
Money that can be spent on nonessential goods –leisure activities
31.Dividends
Sums of money investors receive when a corporation makes a profit
32.Division of Labor
The assignment of different parts of a manufacturing process or task to different people in order to improve efficiency.
33.Dreyfus Affair
A military officer who was Jewish, was convicted of treason against the French government, based on forged document by people promoting anti-Semitism was convicted.
34.Empiricism
The belief that knowledge comes from sensed experience, from what you observe through your experience, including through experiments
35.Enclosure Movement
Britain: The government fences off the common areas to give exclusive use of it to people who paid for the privilege or who purchase the land.
36.Enlightenment
The ideals such as individualism, freedom, and self-determination that challenge the roles of monarchs and church leaders and planted seeds of revolution.
37.Estates
Social classes
38.Estate-General
France: Three sectors of society (or estates); the clergy (religious officials), the nobility, and the commoners
39.Ethnic
Relating to a population subgroup with a common national or cultural tradition
40.Factory System
A method of manufacturing using machinery and division of labor. It replaced the “putting-out system”
41.Fabian Society
Socialist groups formed in England and favored reforming society by parliamentary means
42.Feminism
The movement for women’s rights and equality based on Enlightenment ideas
43.Franchise
Right to vote
44.Genros
Samurai that served as elder statemen for the government
45.Hatt-i Humayun
Edict issued by the sultan (Ottoman Reform Edict) that updated the legal system, declaring equality for all men in education, government appointments, and justice regardless of religion or ethnicity.
46.Homogenous
Of the same kind; alike
47.Human Capital
The workforce
48.Hundred Days of Reform
A set of sweeping reforms under Emperor Guanxu that included abolition of the outdated civil service exam, eliminate corruption, and establishment of Western-styleindustrial, commercial, and medical systems.
49.Immigration
The movement of people int the country from other countries
50.Indigenous
Native
51.Industrialization
The process by which an economy is transformed from a primarily agricultural one to one based on the manufacturing of goods. Individual manual labor is often replaced by mechanized mass production, and craftsmen are replaced by assembly lines
52.Industrial-by-products
The unintended result of creating a product, for example,polluted water supplies or open sewers.
53.Interchangeable Parts
If a particular component of a machine were to break, the broken component could easily be replaced with a new, identical part.
54.Iwi
The Maori, in New Zealand, that were divided into individual tribes and engaged in warfare
55.Jacobins
A radical French group that was formed in the wake of the French Revolutions and inspiredthe establishment of the First French Republic
56.July 4, 1776
United States Declaration of Independence
57.July 14, 1789
French Independence Day
58.Labor Unions
Organizationsof workers that advocated for the right to bargain with employers and put the resulting agreements in a contract
59.Laissez-faire
“Leavealone” Government should reduce their intervention in economic decisions
60.Liberalism
Willingness to respect or accept behavior or opinions different from one’s own,openness to new ideas. Promotes individual rights, civil liberties, democracy, and free enterprise.
61.Liberte, egalite, et fraternite
“Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity”
62.MaoriPolynesian people who lived in New Zealand
63.Maroons
64.Means of Production
Facilities and resources used to produce goods such as machines, factories, mines, and land
65.Meiji Restoration
A coup d’état that resulted in the dissolution of Japan’s feudal system of government and the restoration of the imperial system
66.Mercantilism
Belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism. The economic theory that trade generates wealth and is stimulated by the accumulation of profitable balances, which a government should encourage by means of protectionism.
67.Mestizos
Latin America: Born of European and Indian parents. Wanted political power and a share of the wealth of the colonies
68.Millet
Separate legal courts established by different religious communities
69.Monopoly
Control of a specific business and elimination of all competition
70.Mulattoes
Latin America: African and either European or indigenous ancestry. At the bottom of the social ladder
71.Mamluks
Formerly enslaved Turks who formed a military class and ruled in the Ottoman Empire for some 600 years
72.Multi-ethic
Relating to or constituting several ethnic groups
73.Nationalism
A feeling of intense loyalty to others who share one’s language and culture. People often created an identity under one government where none had existed before.
74.National Assembly
French: A new government body formed by the commoners who did not have an equal vote in the Estates-General
75.Nation-state
A sovereign state whose citizens or subjects are relatively homogeneous in factors such as language or common descent
76.Natural Law
Emphasize human accomplishments in understanding the natural world over God. They believe that the study of natural laws could best be understood through scientific inquiry rather than study of the Bible
77.Ottomanism
A movement that aimed to create amore modern, unified state for the Ottomans. They minimized the ethnic, linguistic, and religious differences across the empire
78.Partnership
A small group of people who make all business decisions
79.Peninsulares
Latin America: Colonists who were born in Spain or Portugal. Felt superior to everyone
80.Philosophes
Explored social, political, and economic theories in a new way.The existence of a natural moral order, consistent with the dictates of reason, and knowable through the exercise of our rational facilities
81.Physiocrats
A member of an 18thcentury group of French economistswho believed that agriculture was the source of all wealth and that agricultural products should be highly priced. Stressed the necessity of free trade.
82.Plebiscite
Popular referendum.The direct vote of all the members of an electorate on an important public question such as a change in the constitution.
83.Pogrom
A violent riot incited with the aim of massacring or expelling an ethnic or religious group, particularly Jews.
84.Proletariat
Working class, working in factories and mines
85.Propaganda Movement
Philippines: When magazines, pamphlets, and other publications advocated for greater autonomy were used in the Philippines, it did not call for revolution or independence but for change.
86.Raw MaterialThe basic material from which a product is made.
87.Realpolitik
88.Reign of Terror
A period during which the French government executed thousands of opponents ofthe revolution, including the king and queen of France.
89.Sadler Report
A report released by a committee of Britain’s Parliament which described the dangerous and unsanitary working conditions of the factories.
90.Seaway
An inland waterway capable of accommodating seagoing ships.A stretch of water in which the sea is running.
91.Seed Drill
A device that efficiently places seeds in a designated spot in the ground
92.Self-Strengthening Movement
Chinese pressure to modernize. Government hoped to strengthen China in its competition with foreign powers by advancing it military technology and readiness
93.Slums
Areas of cities where low-income families were forced to live.
94.Smog
Smoke and fog from coal-burning factories which led to deadly respiratory problems
95.Socialism
A system of public or direct worker ownership of the means of production. A political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by the community.
96.Sole Proprietorship
A business owned by a single person
97.Specialization of labor
Each worker focused on one type of task
98.Spinning Jenny
Allowed a weaver to spin more than one thread at a time
99.Stock market
Public markets that exist for issuing, buying, and selling stocks that trade on a stock exchange or over the counter.
100.Stockholder
Individuals who buy partial ownership directly from the company when it is formed or later through a stock market
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