Biology Unit 8 Test Reveiw

Thermodynamics

Thermodynamics

the study of flow and transformation of energy in the universe

First law of thermodynamics

conservation of energy

Second law of thermodynamics

energy cannot be converted without loss of usable energy

Metabolism

all the chemical reactions in a cell

Catabolic pathway

release energy by breaking down molecules (cell respiration)

Anabolic pathway

uses energy to build larger molecules (photosynthesis)

Photosynthesis

the process of converting light energy into chemical energy

Cellular respiration

catabolic pathway in which organic molecules are broken down to release energy for the cell

Biological molecules

where chemical energy is stored in living things

ATP

the most important biological molecule that provides chemical energy

What ATP is made of

abundance of adenine base, a ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups

Photosynthesis equation

6CO2 + 6H20 → C6H1206 + 602

Cell respiration equation

602 + C6H1206 + light → 6CO2 + 6H20

Light-dependent phase

light energy is converted into chemical energy

Light-independent phase

chemical energy is used to synthesize glucose

First step of photosynthesis

absorption of light

Thylakoid

flattened saclike membranes

Grana

stacks of thylakoids

Stroma

the fluid filled space outside the grana

Pigment

light-absorbing colored molecules in the thylakoid membranes

Thylakoid membrane

an organelle with a large surface area allowing for electron transport

Photosystems

house light-capturing pigments

Photosystem II

light energy excites electrons which causes a water molecule to split - releasing an electron into the transport system, a hydrogen ion into the thylakoid space, and an oxygen as a waste

photosystem I

transfers the electrons to a protein when there’s light

Calvin Cycle

energy i stored in organic molecules, takes place in the stroma

First step of the Calvin Cycle

carbon fixation - CO2 molecules combine with 5-carbon molecules to form 3-PGA

Second step of Calvin Cycle

chemical energy in ATP and NADPH is transferred to 3-PGA to from G3P

Third step of Calvin Cycle

some G3P molecules leave the cycle to be used for the production of glucose

Final step of Calvin Cycle

rubisco converts the remaining G3P molecules into 5-carbon molecules called RuBP, they combine with new CO2

C4 pathway

allows plants to maintain photosynthesis while reducing water loss

CAM plants

desert plants that collect CO2 at night and store it in organic compounds and release CO2 from organic compounds during the day

Cellular respiration

the process where organisms obtain energy that is used to make ATP

Stages of Cellular Respiration

glycolysis and aerobic respiration

Anaerobic process

glycolysis

Aerobic respiration

Krebs cycle and electron transport

Glycolysis

the process where glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm'; two molecules of ATP and NADH are formed for each molecule of glucose that is broken

Net result of glycolysis

two ATP and two pyruvate

Krebs Cycle

the series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into CO2

Electron transport

the final step in the breakdown of glucose

Fermentation

the process of producing NAD+ and ATP in the cytoplasm

Lactic acid fermentation

enzymes convert the pyruvate made during glycolysis into lactic acid

Alcohol fermentation

in yeast and bacteria when pyruvate is converted into ethyl alcohol and CO2

Created in ETC

32 ATP

Created in Krebs Cycle

3 NADH - 6 NADH, 2 CO2 - 4CO2, 1 FADH2 - 2 FADH2, 1 ATP - 2 ATP