Circulatory System

Pulmonary circulation and Systemic circulation

What are the two components of the circulatory system?

Pulmonary circulation

conveys blood

from the heart to the lungs and back to

the heart.

Systemic circulation

carries blood from

the heart to all body tissues and cells

(except some parts of the lungs) and

back to heart.

Heart

is a muscular pump that

propels blood either to the lungs or to

other body tissues

Arteries

are distributing vessels

that carry blood AWAY from the heart.

Aorta

Artery that pumps blood to all body tissues

Arterioles

are the small final branches of

the smallest arteries, and are present in all

tissues that are supplied with the blood

Capillaries

are very minute microscopic

hairlike vessels that form networks between

the small arterioles and the venules.

capillary walls

exchange of blood and tissue

constituents takes place through the

...

Venules

are the smallest veins and

correspond to the arterioles.

Veins

are collecting vessels that bring

blood back to the heart

Superior vena cava

drains blood from the upper half of the body

Inferior vena cava

Drains blood from the lower half of the body

Lymph

is a colorless fluid that

collects in lymphatic vessels.

Lymph capillaries

minute

vessels which begin as very small

vessels.

Lymph vessels

are formed by

the union of capillaries that unite

to form larger and larger vessels

Lymph nodes

... are connected with the larger lymph vessels

Thoracic duct and right lymph duct

Trunk lymph vessels are:

Thoracic duct

receives lymph from the rest of the body except the upper right

Right lymph duct

Draining the right upper limb, right thorax, and right side of the head and neck

Bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and thymus gland

Reticuloendothelial structures

Tunica intima (internal coat/layer)

Layer of flat

cobblestone like

cells that form a

lining membrane,

with connective

tissue and elastic

tissue.

Tunica media (middle coat)

A layer of visceral

muscle, the fibers

encircling the vessel,

with considerable elastic

tissue as well.

Tunica adventitia (outer layer)

A layer of connective

tissue outside the middle

coat

Apex

bluntly pointed end of the heart that is directed to the left

anteriorly.

Base

the broad end of the heart that

is directed to the right,

posteriorly and cranially to

the right of the right

sternal border.

Endocardium

This layer forms the lining membrane of the heart

Myocardium

muscular layer of the

heart and consists of a special type

of muscle found only in the heart,

cardiac muscle

visceral pericardium (epicardium)

thin covering of the heart and is applied to

the outer surface of the muscular

layer.

endocardium, myocardium, visceral pericardium (epicardium)

The coverings of the heart:

- Visceral layer

- Parietal layer

Serous pericardium consist of 2 layers:

Parietal layer

Serous pericardium: Forms the lining of a sac that encloses the heart

Visceral layer

Serous pericardium: outer covering of the heart

Fibrous pericardium

- A thick layer of fibrous connective

tissue.

- Surrounds the parietal pericardium to

form the outer layer of the pericardial

sac

Pericardial sac

- is a bag with

the heart within it, consisting of

the parietal serous pericardium

and the fibrous pericardium.

Pericardial cavity

- is a potential

space between the inner surface

of the pericardial sac and the

visceral pericardium.

Interatrial septum

- is that part

of the partition between the

right and left atria.

Interventricular septum

- is the

partition between the right and

left ventricles.

The left atrioventricular opening

(ostium)

- is the opening

between the left atrium and left

ventricle

The right atrioventricular opening

(ostium)

is the opening between

the right atrium and right

ventricle

The auricles

- are two ear shaped

pouches, one forming part of each

atrium.

Conus arteriosus

- prominent

anterior part of the right ventricle

where it opens into the pulmonary

trunk.

Coronary sulcus

- is a groove on

the surface of the heart marking

the junction of the atria and the

ventricles. It completely encircles

the heart.

Interventricular sulci

- anterior

and posterior are the grooves

where the ventricles meet each

other anteriorly and posteriorly.

(2) atrioventricular openings (left

and right)

(1) pulmonary opening

(1) aortic opening

(1) opening of the inferior vena cava

(1) opening of the superior vena

cava

(4) two right and two left pulmonary

veins

(1) opening of the coronary sulcus

There are eleven openings into or

within the heart:

- Left atrioventricular

valve/mitral valve/bicuspid valve

- Right atrioventricular

valve/tricuspid vale

- Aortic valve

- Pulmonary valve

The Valves of the heart:

Cardiac veins

- drain blood from

the cardiac capillaries.

Coronary sinus

- is a large vein

that lies in the posterior part of

the coronary sulcus. It empties

into the right atrium. It collects

blood from most of the cardiac

veins.

Systole

Is the contracting phase of the heart

Diastole

Is the dilation phase of the heart

- Brachocephalic truck

- Left subclavian artery

- Left common carotid artery

Branches of the aortic arch:

- The right common

carotid artery

- The right external

carotid artery

- The right internal

carotid artery

Brachiocephalic trunk:

- Axillary artery

- Vertebral artery

The left subclavian artery:

- External carotid artery

- Internal carotid artery

The left common carotid artery:

- Mediastinal

- Esophageal

- Pericardial

- Intercostal

- Superior phrenic

- One right and two bronchial arteries

Branches of the descending thoracic aorta:

- Inferior phrenic arteries

- Middle suprarenal arteries

- Renal arteries

- Ovarian and Testicular arteries

- Lumbar arteries

The paired branches of the abdominal aorta:

Celiac trunk (celiac axis)

- Gastric

- Splenic

- Common hepatic

- arteries

Superior mesenteric artery

Inferior mesenteric artery

Middle sacral artery

Unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta:

Left common iliac artery

- left internal iliac artery

- left external iliac artery

Right common iliac artery

- right internal iliac artery

- right external iliac artery

Terminal branches of the abdominal aorta:

Blood

carries oxygen,

nutrients, and waste. It's like

the delivery truck of the

body.

- Internal carotid artery

- Vertebral artery

- Circle of Willis

- 2 Internal carotid arteries

- branches of basilar artery

Arteries of the brain:

Superior sagittal sinus

Inferior sagittal sinus

Straight sinus

Transverse sinuses

Sigmoid sinuses

Veins of the brain:

1.Lymph Capillaries

2.Lymph Vessels

3.Lymph Ducts

4.Lymph Nodes

5.Other Organs - Tonsils, adenoids,

intestinal follicles, spleen, thymus

gland

Lymphatic structures:

Lymph capillaries

- are minute

microscopic thin walled vessels

similar to blood capillaries except

that they do not originate from

arterioles.

Lymph Vessels

- are tubes formed

by the union of lymph capillaries

Thoracic duct

is a large lymph

trunk that begins in the abdomen by

the union of lumbar and intestinal

lymphatic vessels. Empties into the

left brachiocephalic vein

Cysternachyli

dilated lower

end of the thoracic duct in the

upper posterior abdomen.

Right Lymph duct

is formed by the

union of the right internal

jugular, subclavian, and thoracic

vessels. It empties into the right

brachiocephalic or right

subclavian vein. It drains the

upper right of the body.

Lymph nodes

- are small oval bodies

ranging in size from a pin head to a

bean.

Cervical nodes

Axillary nodes

Tracheobronchial nodes

Aortic nodes

Internal iliac nodes

External iliac nodes

Location of larger group of lymph

nodes:

Lymphatic vessels and nodes

Acts as filter to prevent microorganisms

and other foreign bodies from reaching

the blood stream.

Spleen

- Forms lymphocytes, monocytes and the plasma cells

- Destroys worn out red blood cells

- Believed to be reservoir of red blood cells

Thymus gland

Produces lymphocytes

Intestinal Lymph follicles

- Solitary lymph follicles

- Aggregated lymph follicles or Peyer's Patches

Pulse

due to alternating dilation and

contraction of the cardiac ventricles forcing blood

out into the aorta and its branches

Radial artery

Artery At Anterolateral border of wrist

Ulnar artery

Artery At anteromedial border of the wrist

Brachial artery

Artery On medial surface of midarm

Superficial temporal

In front of ear

Facial artery

Artery In front of angle of mandible

Abdominal aorta

Through anterior abdominal wall

Femoral artery

Artery In the groin below inguinal ligament

Popliteal artery

Artery Posterior to the knee

dorsalispedis artery

Artery in front of and below ankle

Blood pressure

is the pressure of the

blood against the containing vessel

wall.

Systolic Blood pressure

- is the

pressure exerted during the

contracting phase of the ventricles of

the heart

Diastolic blood pressure

- is the

pressure exerted during the dilation

phase of the ventricles

Patent foramen ovale

- the opening

between the 2 atria does not close after

birth but persists.

Interventricularseptal defect

- an

abnormal opening is present in the

interventricular septum between the two

ventricles

Patent Ductus/ patent ductus arteriosus

the fetal vessel between the

pulmonary trunk and aorta does not close

after birth but remains open.

Stenosis of pulmonary orifice

- the

opening from the right ventricle into the

pulmonary trunk is smaller than usual.

Coarctation of the aorta

- a narrowing

of the lumen of the aorta, usually in the

upper descending part.

Right aortic arch

- the aortic arch is

on the right side rather than on the left.

Cardiography

- radiography of the

chambers of the heart using an opaque

medium to fill them.

Arteriography

- is a radiography of an

artery and its branches by an injection

of an opaque medium into it

Aortography

- radiography of the aorta

following the injection

Venography

- is a radiography of a vein and

its tributaries either by direct injection into

one of its smaller tributaries, or by injection

of corresponding artery, a

Lymphangiography

- is radiography of

lymphatic vessels, and ducts, following

injection of an opaque medium into small lymph

capillaries.

Angiocardiography

- is a combined

examination of the heart, trunk veins and/or

trunk arteries.

hypertension

- is a high blood pressure

Hypotension

- blood pressure is below

normal