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What were the reparations in the Treaty of Versailles?
War Guilt Clause-Made Germany take blame for the war and its brutality.
What was Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles?
What happened to Alsace-Lorraine?
It was given to France permanently.
It was put under control of the League of Nations for 15 years.
What happened to the Saar?
It was demilitarised.
What happened to the Rhineland (ToV)?
Poland was given the Polish Corridor.
What was given to Poland (ToV)?
Germany was forbidden to join with Austria.
What was Germany banned from achieving?
12.5%
What percentage of its population did Germany lose?
10%
What percentage of land did Germany lose?
16%
What percentage of its coalfields did it lose?
100,000 soldiers, no conscription (volunteer only)
How big was Germany's army allowed to be?
6
How many battleships were Germany allowed?
0
How many armoured vehicles were Germany allowed?
0
How many submarines were Germany allowed?
0
How many airplanes were Germany allowed to have?
Diktat
What did Germany call the Treaty of Versailles?
1919
When was there a mass protest outside the Reichstag (about the Treaty of Versailles)?
An area of rich coalfields.
What was the Saar?
1871
When did Germany originally invade Alsace Lorraine?
June 28, 1919
When was the Treaty of Versailles signed?
1921-22
When was the Washington Arms Conference?
USA
Where was the Washington Arms Conference held?
Which major countries attended the Washington Arms Conference?
Britain, France, Japan
763,000
How many Germans did the German government claim to have died due to the Naval blockade?
1922
When were the Rapallo Treaties signed?
Who were the Rapallo Treaties between?
Russia and Germany
2%
What percentage of Germany's annual income were the reparations from the Treaty of Versailles?
Over one third
What percentage of the population did Russia lose in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
Who were the Locarno Treaties between?
Germany and France.
What did the Locarno treaties decide?
Germany officially accepted the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, and gave up any claim they had to Alsace-Lorraine. They agreed to work together to settle disputes peacefully. Each country agreed not to go to war, and if the treaty was broken they would support the country who was invaded.
1928
When was the Kellogg-Briand Pact signed?
How many countries were involved in the Kellogg-Briand Pact?
65 countries
What did the Kellogg-Briand Pact agree?
It was agreed that countries would not use aggression to settle disputes.
What was were 2 negatives of the Kellogg-Briand Pact?
It did not define what 'aggression' meant so countries could claim that they were not guilty of it. It also did not decide what would happen if a country broke the terms of the pact, so it did not act as an effective deterrent.
1926
When did Germany join the League of Nations?
1919, according to self-determination
When did Lithuania become an independent country?
Where was Upper Silesia?
Border between Germany and Poland
What did the Treaty of Versailles decide about Upper Silesia?
There would be a plebiscite to decide which country owned Upper Silesia.
What were the results of the Upper Silesia plebiscite?
60% voted to be controlled by Germany, 40% voted to be controlled by Poland.
How did the League respond to the Upper Silesia dispute?
The League decided that the results of the plebiscite were too close to be decisive, so instead the League decided to split Upper Silesia between Germany and Poland.
How did Germany and Poland respond to the League's decision to split Upper Silesia between the two countries?
Germany were not happy, as although they did receive more land than Poland, Poland got areas rich in coalfields.
Was the Upper Silesia dispute a success or a failure?
Success-Both countries accepted the League's decision, despite Germany's discontent, demonstrating the League's authority.
When was the Corfu dispute?
1923
Who did the Corfu dispute involve?
Italy and Greece
What triggered the Corfu dispute?
An Italian diplomat who was doing work for the League in Corfu was killed. Mussolini responded by invading Corfu.
How did the League respond to the Corfu dispute?
The league initially told Corfu to pay some money to the League, and told Mussolini to retreat. However, Mussolini refused, so the League changed its decision and ordered Greece to apologise to Mussolini and give him the money initially intended for the League, and for Mussolini to retreat. Mussolini agreed and left Corfu.
Was the Corfu dispute a success or failure of the League?
Failure: It showed aggressors that the League were willing to side with aggressors in order to restore peace. This made the League look weak, encouraging aggressors to begin to act against the league more.
When was the Greece Bulgaria dispute?
1925
What triggered the Greece Bulgaria dispute?
Three Greek soldiers were killed in a border dispute with Bulgaria.
What happened in the Greece Bulgaria dispute?
Greece invaded Bulgaria.
How did the League respond to the Greece Bulgaria dispute?
The League ordered Greece to leave, and Greece obeyed.
When did the Abyssinian Crisis occur?
1935-1936
When was the Wal-Wal Oasis incident?
5th December 1934
What happened in the Wal-Wal Oasis Incident?
Italian soldiers clashed with Abyssinian soldiers in a border dispute (on Mussolini's commands). Two Italians and 150 Abyssinians were killed.
How did the league respond to the Wal-Wal Oasis incident?
They wanted to get involved but found it hard to stop Mussolini-They were powerless.
When did the League decide that neither Italy or Abyssinia could be held responsible for the Wal-Wal Oasis incident?
September 1935
When did Italy invade Abyssinia?
October 1935
When did Italy attempt to invade Abyssinia?
1896
When did the economic sanctions against Italy take full effect?
November 1935
How long did it take the league to enforce economic sanctions against Italy?
6 weeks
Why were the economic sanctions against Italy ineffective?
They did not involve the banning of oil, so Mussolini could still fuel his army.
When was the Hoare-Laval Pact signed?
December 1935
Who did the Hoare-Laval Pact involve?
Pierre Laval, Samuel Hoare, Mussolini
What did the Hoare-Laval Pact agree?
Gave Mussolini 2/3 of Abyssinia in return for a ceasefire
Why was the Hoare-Laval Pact damaging to the League?
It was a secret agreement which undermined the league, as it showed that major powers of the league were willing to betray it for their own self-interest.
When was the Stresa Front formed?
April 1935
Who was the Stresa Front between?
France, Britain, Italy
What did the Stresa Front agree?
Countries agreed to not let Germany break any more terms of the Treaty of Versailles, protect Austrian independence and guarantee the terms of the Locarno treaties.
When was Abyssinia's capital Addis Ababa captured?
March 1936
When did Mussolini complete his invasion of Abyssinia?
May 1936
When did Italy leave the league of nations?
May 1936
When was the Mukden Incident?
18th September 1931
What happened in the Mukden Incident?
There was an explosion (that Japan caused) on the South Manchurian Railway. The Japanese used this as an excuse to invade Manchuria.
When did Japan invade Shanghai?
January 1932
When was most of Manchuria under Japanese control?
February 1932
When did China turn to the league for help?
March 1932
When did Lord Lytton arrive in Manchuria?
April 1932
When did Lord Lytton publish his report?
October 1932
How long did it take for Lord Lytton to publish his Lytton report?
6 months
What did Lytton Report say?
Japan was at fault-condemned Japan.
How did the League of Nations respond to the Lytton Report?
Ordered Japan to leave Manchuria (moral condemnation).
How did Japan respond to the League of Nations' decision?
Japan left the league.
27th March 1933
When did Japan leave the League?
1937
When did Japan further invade China?
When did Hitler withdraw from the League of Nations' Disarmament Conference and the League itself?
October 1933
30th January 1933
When did Hitler become Chancellor?
1934
When was the Dollfuss affair?
January 1935
When was the Saar returned to Germany?
90%
What percentage of people living in the Saar voted to return to Germany?
March 1935
When was the Freedom to Rearm Rally?
2000 planes
How big was the Luftwaffe in the Freedom to Rearm Rally?
500,000
How many men did the Wehrmacht have in the Freedom to Rearm Rally?
Conscription would be reintroduced.
What did Hitler announce would happen in the Freedom to Rearm Rally?
June 1935
When was the Anglo-German Naval Agreement signed?
Germany's navy could be 35% of Britain's navy. Germany could have 45% of Britain's submarines.
What did the Anglo-German Naval Agreement decide?
That Britain supported German rearmament and that Britain felt that the Treaty of Versailles was unfair.
What did the Anglo-German Naval Agreement imply?
March 1936
When was the Rhineland remilitarised?
22,000 soldiers
How many soldiers were marched into the Rhineland?
October 1936
When was the Rome-Berlin Axis signed?
It officially linked Germany and Italy, and agreed that the two countries would work more closely in the future.
What did the Rome-Berlin Axis do?
Note
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