APUSH Unit 2 Review

ap united states history review flashcards

Jamestown (1607)

First permanent English settlement in North America, struggled with starvation but survived through tobacco.

John Smith

Leader at Jamestown who enforced discipline and helped the colony survive.

John Rolfe

Introduced tobacco cultivation to Virginia; married Pocahontas, creating a temporary peace with Powhatan.

House of Burgesses (1619)

First representative assembly in colonial America, located in Virginia.

Chesapeake Colonies (Virginia & Maryland)

Colonies focused on tobacco cultivation, reliant on indentured servants and later enslaved Africans.

Maryland Toleration Act (1649)

Granted religious freedom to all Christians in Maryland, especially protecting Catholics.

New England Colonies (Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire)

Founded mostly for religious reasons; economy based on small farms, trade, shipbuilding, and fishing.

Pilgrims (1620)

Separatists who founded Plymouth Colony for religious freedom.

Mayflower Compact (1620)

Early form of colonial self-government signed by Pilgrims.

Puritans

Wanted to "purify" the Church of England; founded Massachusetts Bay Colony under John Winthrop.

John Winthrop

Leader of Massachusetts Bay; envisioned it as a "City upon a Hill" to serve as a model Christian society.

Roger Williams

Founder of Rhode Island; advocated separation of church and state and religious freedom.

Anne Hutchinson

Banished from Massachusetts Bay for challenging religious orthodoxy; promoted antinomianism.

Pequot War (1636–1638)

Conflict between New England colonists and the Pequot tribe; colonists allied with rival Native groups to destroy the Pequots.

King Philip’s War (1675–1676)

Conflict between New England colonists and Native Americans led by Metacom (King Philip); devastated Native communities.

Middle Colonies (New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware)

Known for diverse populations, religious tolerance, and grain exports.

Quakers (Religious Society of Friends)

Founded Pennsylvania under William Penn; promoted pacifism, equality, and religious tolerance.

William Penn

Established Pennsylvania as a “Holy Experiment” with religious freedom and representative government.

Southern Colonies (Carolinas, Georgia)

Plantation-based economies relying heavily on enslaved African labor; cash crops like rice, indigo, and later cotton.

Navigation Acts (1651–1696)

Laws regulating colonial trade to benefit England’s mercantilist system.

Salutary Neglect

Period when Britain loosely enforced colonial trade laws, allowing colonies self-government and economic freedom.

Indentured Servants

Laborers working under contract for passage to America; common in early colonies before slavery expanded.

Headright System

Land grants offered to settlers who paid for their own or others’ passage to Virginia.

Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)

Uprising of Virginia settlers led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor Berkeley; revealed tensions between frontier farmers and elites, encouraged shift toward African slavery.

Triangular Trade

Trade system linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas; included exchange of slaves, raw materials, and manufactured goods.

Middle Passage

Brutal journey of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic to the Americas.

Stono Rebellion (1739)

Slave uprising in South Carolina; led to stricter slave codes.

First Great Awakening (1730s–1740s)

Religious revival movement emphasizing emotional faith; preachers like Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield challenged established churches.

Jonathan Edwards

Preacher of the First Great Awakening; famous sermon “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.”

George Whitefield

Traveling preacher who spread revivalism across colonies; emphasized personal conversion.

Salem Witch Trials (1692)

Series of trials and executions in Massachusetts accusing people of witchcraft; reflected religious and social tensions.

Zenger Trial (1735)

John Peter Zenger acquitted for criticizing New York governor; advanced freedom of the press.

Mercantilism

Economic theory that colonies exist to benefit the mother country by supplying raw materials and markets.

Halfway Covenant (1662)

Policy in Puritan New England allowing partial church membership to children of baptized but unconverted members.

Dominion of New England (1686–1689)

Attempt by King James II to consolidate northern colonies under one royal governor; collapsed after the Glorious Revolution.

Glorious Revolution (1688)

Overthrow of King James II; inspired colonial uprisings and reinforced ideas of limited monarchy and rights.

Enlightenment

Intellectual movement emphasizing reason, science, and natural rights; influenced colonial political thought.

Iroquois Confederacy

Powerful Native American alliance that maintained influence by skillfully playing European powers against each other.

Slave Codes

Laws that defined enslaved people as property and restricted their freedoms; made slavery hereditary and race-based.

Town Meetings

Form of local government in New England where male church members voted on laws and policies.

Atlantic World

The interconnected web of trade, culture, and migration linking Europe, Africa, and the Americas.

Plantation Economy

Agricultural system in the South based on large estates producing cash crops with enslaved labor.

Cash Crops

Crops grown for profit, not subsistence; tobacco, rice, and indigo dominated colonial economies.