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Plate tectonic theory
Explains Earth's internal structure and how forces drive global plate movements.
Convection currents
Hot softened mantle currents that drive the movement of tectonic plates.
Slab-pull force
Gravity-driven subduction of denser oceanic plates that drags the rest of the plate along.
Seafloor spreading
Process where magma rises through mid-ocean ridges to form new oceanic crusts.
Evidence from age of rocks
Younger rocks are found near mid-ocean ridges, while older rocks are further away.
Limited sediment accumulation
Older oceanic crusts are destroyed at trenches, making oceanic crusts younger than continental crusts.
Magnetic striping
Alternating stripes of rock on the seafloor with normal and reversed magnetic polarity.
Evidence from rock composition
Basalt forms oceanic crust and contains minerals influenced by Earth's magnetic field.
Divergent plate boundaries
Plates move away from each other, resulting in mid-ocean ridges and earthquakes.
Convergent plate boundaries
Plates move towards each other, leading to fold mountains and oceanic trenches.
Transform plate boundaries
Plates slide past each other, resulting in faults and earthquakes.
Tectonic processes of earthquakes
Stress builds up until it exceeds the fault's strength, releasing seismic waves.
Magnitude of earthquakes
Determined by the energy released during ground movement, recorded by seismometers.
Measuring earthquakes
The Richter Scale measures local magnitude, while the Moment Magnitude Scale measures larger earthquakes.
Tectonic processes of volcanic eruptions
Magma with dissolved gases is less dense and forces its way upward through the crust.
Magnitude of volcanic eruptions
Determined by the amount of dissolved gases and magma viscosity.
Measuring volcanic eruptions
The Volcanic Explosivity Index measures the explosivity of eruptions based on various factors.
Distribution of earthquakes
Concentrated along plate boundaries, especially at the Pacific Ring of Fire.
Distribution of volcanoes
Located near convergent and divergent boundaries, with hot spot volcanoes away from them.
Distribution of tectonic hazards
Most hazards are near plate boundaries, affecting areas beyond their geographic region.
Earthquake hazards
Include ground shaking and tsunamis, impacting ecosystems, properties, and human life.
Volcanic eruption hazards
Include tephra and lava flows, causing destruction and health threats.
Benefits of volcanic eruptions
Provide fertile soil and valuable minerals, and allow for geothermal energy and tourism.
Disaster risk management
Aims to prevent and manage disaster risks, strengthening community resilience.
Disaster risk and loss
Can have serious economic, social, and environmental consequences, hindering development.
Reducing disaster risks
Important for developing countries as a cost-effective investment in future loss prevention.
Tectonic disaster risk
Interaction between hazards and vulnerability, leading to potential loss of life and property.
Factors influencing earthquake risks
Include hazard nature, building quality, and population density.
Factors influencing volcanic eruption risks
Include magma composition, water availability, and human settlements.
Strengthening resilience
Essential for communities in hazard-prone zones to recover from disasters effectively.
Strategies for community resilience
Include land use planning, hazard-resistant designs, and preparedness measures.
Challenges in building resilience
Limited community resources and organizational capabilities for disaster response.
Disaster management
Involves planning and strategies for responding to and recovering from disasters.
Disaster management strategies
Include search and rescue, evacuation, and restoring living conditions post-disaster.
Challenges in disaster management
Include lack of resources and the need for stakeholder collaboration.
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