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Potential Verbs
Verbs that express the ability to do something.
Potential る Verbs
Verbs that form potential by dropping the final る and adding られる (e.g., 食べる → 食べられる).
Potential う Verbs
Verbs that form potential by dropping the final う and adding える (e.g., 買う → 買える).
Potential Irregular Verbs
Verbs that have unique potential forms (e.g., 来る → 来られる, する → できる).
Particles for Potential Verbs
Potential verbs can use both を and が, with exceptions for できる and のぼる.
なら
A particle that expresses contrast or limitation
〜し
A conjunction used for listing reasons
な-adjectives with し
Adjectives that take on a だ before the し (e.g., 好きだし).
Frequency Expression
Describes frequency using the (period)に(frequency) format
〜そうです
A form added to adjectives to express appearance bearing resemblance
てみる
A structure expressing the idea of trying something
ほしい
An adjective expressing desires, limited to the first person
ほしがる
A verb form expressing someone else's desires
てあげる
Describes doing something for someone else
たらどうですか
A structure for giving advice
かもしれません
Expresses possibility
Number + も
Structure to express quantities as significant amounts, “as much as”
Volitional Form
A casual form to suggest plans (e.g., 食べよう).
Volitional + と思っています
Used to express resolutions/intentions that have already been decided on
って何
A phrase used to ask for clarification
〜ておく
Describes an action performed in preparation
てくれる
Describes someone doing something for you, an expression of gratitude towards the giver
てもらう
Describes receiving something from somebody as a persuasion, arrangement, or favor
Volitional + と思います
Used to express resolutions/intentions made on the spot
Number + しか + neg
Structures to express quantities as insignificant, “as few as” or “only”
