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vertical integration
a system where a business controls all means of production including the supply chain and stages of production
horizontal integration
a system where a company merges with other companies in the same industry
homestead lockout
strike against the Carnegie Steel Company that led to the deaths of workers and the hiring of private guards
scientific management
a system that favors maximum productivity and used to improve efficiency
chinese exclusion act
law that banned Chinese laborers from coming to the US
Eugene V Debs
founder of the American Railway Union
Henry George
Author who wrote Progress and Poverty that suggested that industrialization would lead to permanent poverty
Greenback Labor Party
political movement that advanced for the regulation of labor and corporations by producing more money
Granger laws
regulatory laws that regulated railroads and insurance
Knights of Labor
labor union that advocated for a cooperative common wealth
Terrance Powderly
The Knight’s leader who encouraged self discipline and warned against alcoholism
Leonora Barry
Organizer who worked to expose the working conditions in factories and sexual harassment
Haymarket Square
protest by anarchists that turned violent and killed multiple police officers
Farmer’s Alliance
rural movement that addressed the same issues as Greenbackers and Grangers
Interstate Commerce Act
law that forced railroad rates to be public and allowed for lawsuits for unreasonable prices
American Federation of Labor
labor union that advocated for greater benefits for workers rather than political power
Samuel Gompers
leader of the American Federation of Labor who criticized the Knight’s reliance on politics
mutual aid society
an organization where people of a certain area gathered funds to support people who died or were disabled from their job
race riot
attacks by white mobs on African Americans
Scott Joplin
African American composer who was known for ragtime music
yellow journalism
term used to describe mass-market newspaper that used heavy sensationalism
muckrakers
journalists who exposed corruption and other negative parts of American life
political machines
local parties that held extremely strong influence in public officers
Jane Addams
Reformer who founded the Hull House to help the community
Tom Johnson
Mayor of Cleveland who worked on reformation projects and advocated for publicly owned utilities
National Municipal League
organization that oriented business oriented models to combat government corruption
progressivism
movement that focuses don reform and stopping political corruption
Jacob Riis
journalist and photographer who worked to expose the living conditions of tenements in How the Other Half Lives
city beautiful
movement that advocated for better urban outdoor spaces to make cities more aesthetic
social settlement
a welfare center that helped the poor through advocation and funds
Hull Hosue
social settlement that helped immigrants
Margaret Sanger
a nurse who publicly promoted birth control in her newspaper “What Every Girl Should Know”
Upton Sinclair
muckraker who exposed the meat packing industry in his novel the Jungle
Pure Food and Drug Act
law that created the FDA to protect consumers from unsafe products
National Consumer’s League
organization that helped increase wages and improve working conditions for women
Women’s Trade Union League
labor organization that trained working class leaders to organize unions for garment workers
Triangle Shirtwaist Fire
fire in a New York factory that killed many garment workers because of the lack of fire codes
Florence Kelly
reformer who helped lead the NCL and helped the organization grow tremendously
“Waving the bloody shirt”
political strategy that appealed to voters through war loyalties from the Civil War
Gilded Age
period in US history where America seemed prosperous but it was really filled with political corruption, poverty, and pollution
Pendleton Act (1883)
Act that made federal positions merit-based
Mugwumps
Liberal Republicans who refused to support the Republican nominee, James Blaine and instead supported the Democratic nominee Grover Cleveland
Sherman Antitrust Act (1890)
federal law that prohibits business practices that restrict trade and competition
Lodge Bill
bill that proposed when 100 citizens appealed for intervention, a bipartisan federal board can investigate to find the rightful winner
Omaha Platform
document that outlined the goals of the Populist Party
Williams v Mississippi (1898)
Supreme Court case that upheld poll taxes and literacy tests which limited voting rights for African Americans
Solid South
control of the South by the Democratic party
William Jennings Bryan
Democratic nominee who advocated for farmers and supposed the free silver policy
Lochner v New York (1905)
Supreme court case that ruled bakers’ workday could not be limited to 10 hours because it violated their rights to make contracts
Newlands Reclamation Act (1902)
sold public land to invest in irrigation projects to promote agriculture in arid areas
Theodore Roosevelt
US President who worked on reform against corporate power and environmental reform
William Howard Taft
Republican President who revered Roosevelt’s policies
Wisconsin Idea
idea that the government should have greater intervention in the economy
National Child Labor Committee
organization that exposed the conditions of child labor and pushed for child labor laws
Muller v Oregon
Supreme Court case that enforced Oregon law that said women could only work for 10 hours a day
WEB Du Bois
sociologist who was a civil rights advocate and advocated for a talented tenth
talented tenth
the top 10% of educated African Americans who were called by Du Bois to develop new strategies to advocate for civil rights
Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
organization that fought for racial justice and equality
Industrial Workers of the World
labor union that worked to organize workers under one union to strike and overthrow capitalism
Mary E Lease
advocate for the suffrage movement who was a leader for the Populist party
Federal Reserve Act
United States banking system that regulated the flow of money and credit
Clayton Antitrust Act
law that amended the Sherman Antitrust Act to strengthen the definition of a monopoly to break up more monopolies
Ida B Wells
African American journalist who investigated and fought against lynching and fought for women’s suffrage
Plessy v Ferguson
Supreme Court case that upheld racial segregation laws as long as accommodations were “separate but equal”
Young Men’s Christian Association
organization that promoted fitness and health
John Muir
conversationalist who advocated for the creation of national parks and founded the Sierra Club
Brooker T Washington
educator who promoted self help and encouraged industrial education for African Americans
Atlanta Compromise
address by Brooker T Washington that stated Black Americans should focus on economic development and accept racial segregation also asking whites to help
Women’s Christian Temperance Union
organization that fought against domestic violence and alcoholism
Frances Willard
leader of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union who worked towards stopping alcoholism and fighting for women’s rights
National Association of Colored Women
organization that advocated for temperance, public health, and care for orphans and the elderly
National American Woman Suffrage Association
organization that fought for women’s rights to vote
Social Darwinism
theory that certain people can become extremely successful if they were “naturally selected”
American Protective Association
Nativist organization that opposed Catholics
Social Gospel
Protestant Christian Movement that aimed to renew faith through social welfare and justice
fundamentalism
movement based on the belief of the fundamental truth in the Bible
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