World History - 9th Grade Test Study Guide

Vocabulary flashcards created from lecture notes on key topics from the Industrial Revolution to Imperialism.

Agricultural Revolution

A period that changed how food was grown, creating conditions for the Industrial Revolution.

Enclosure Movement

Wealthy landowners fenced off common land, forcing poor farmers to move to cities.

Industrial Revolution

Transformation from a farming society to a factory society, changing goods production, labor, and city conditions.

Factory Conditions

Workers faced long hours (12-16), dangerous conditions, and low wages, with no safety regulations.

Elizabeth Bentley

A former child mill worker who provided testimony on the harsh realities of factory life.

Steam Engine

Technological advancement that allowed factories to be built anywhere, increasing production efficiency.

Capitalism

Economic theory advocating for a free market and minimal government intervention, proposed by Adam Smith.

Liberalism

Economic theory that suggests protecting individual rights through laws while maintaining a free market.

Socialism

Economic theory that emphasizes collective responsibility for workers' welfare and fair wages.

Marxism

Critique of capitalism advocating for workers to own the means of production, proposed by Karl Marx.

Raw Materials

Necessary resources like cotton and rubber that drove European expansion during imperialism.

Markets

The need for new customers due to overproduction in Europe, leading to the establishment of colonies.

Pressure Valve

The concept of sending surplus population from overcrowded cities to colonies to alleviate domestic issues.

Social Darwinism

The ideology that argued stronger civilizations had the right to dominate weaker ones, misapplying Darwin's theories.

White Man's Burden

Rudyard Kipling's concept justifying imperialism as a noble endeavor to civilize perceived inferior peoples.

Berlin Conference

The 1884-1885 meeting where European powers divided Africa without African representation.

Effective Occupation

The rule requiring an actual presence in a territory to claim it, impacting territorial division in Africa.

Drain Theory

Naoroji's argument that British rule systematically extracted wealth from India, causing poverty.

Opium Wars

Conflicts resulting from Britain's trade of opium to China, culminating in China's defeat and concessions to Britain.

Battle of Isandlwana

A significant military engagement where Zulu forces defeated British troops in 1879.

Battle of Adwa

The 1896 battle where Ethiopia, under Menelik II, defeated Italy, showcasing successful resistance against colonization.