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Vocabulary flashcards created from lecture notes on key topics from the Industrial Revolution to Imperialism.
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Agricultural Revolution
A period that changed how food was grown, creating conditions for the Industrial Revolution.
Enclosure Movement
Wealthy landowners fenced off common land, forcing poor farmers to move to cities.
Industrial Revolution
Transformation from a farming society to a factory society, changing goods production, labor, and city conditions.
Factory Conditions
Workers faced long hours (12-16), dangerous conditions, and low wages, with no safety regulations.
Elizabeth Bentley
A former child mill worker who provided testimony on the harsh realities of factory life.
Steam Engine
Technological advancement that allowed factories to be built anywhere, increasing production efficiency.
Capitalism
Economic theory advocating for a free market and minimal government intervention, proposed by Adam Smith.
Liberalism
Economic theory that suggests protecting individual rights through laws while maintaining a free market.
Socialism
Economic theory that emphasizes collective responsibility for workers' welfare and fair wages.
Marxism
Critique of capitalism advocating for workers to own the means of production, proposed by Karl Marx.
Raw Materials
Necessary resources like cotton and rubber that drove European expansion during imperialism.
Markets
The need for new customers due to overproduction in Europe, leading to the establishment of colonies.
Pressure Valve
The concept of sending surplus population from overcrowded cities to colonies to alleviate domestic issues.
Social Darwinism
The ideology that argued stronger civilizations had the right to dominate weaker ones, misapplying Darwin's theories.
White Man's Burden
Rudyard Kipling's concept justifying imperialism as a noble endeavor to civilize perceived inferior peoples.
Berlin Conference
The 1884-1885 meeting where European powers divided Africa without African representation.
Effective Occupation
The rule requiring an actual presence in a territory to claim it, impacting territorial division in Africa.
Drain Theory
Naoroji's argument that British rule systematically extracted wealth from India, causing poverty.
Opium Wars
Conflicts resulting from Britain's trade of opium to China, culminating in China's defeat and concessions to Britain.
Battle of Isandlwana
A significant military engagement where Zulu forces defeated British troops in 1879.
Battle of Adwa
The 1896 battle where Ethiopia, under Menelik II, defeated Italy, showcasing successful resistance against colonization.