state of matter

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Last updated 2:29 PM on 9/14/25
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16 Terms

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Van der Waals force

is a general term for those intermolecular forces that include dipol – dipol and London forces

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dipole – dipole force

an attractive intermolecular force resulting from the tendency of polar molecules to align themselves such that the positive end of one molecule is near the negative end of another

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London forces (dispersion forces)

the weak attractive forces between the molecules resulting from the small, instantaneous dipoles that occure because of the varying positions of the electrons during their motion around nuclei (resonance of e- cloud, transitional deformation of electron cloud when colliding)

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Hydrogene bonding

is a weak to moderate attractive force that exists between a hydrogene atom covalently bonded to a very electronegative atom, and a lone pair of electrons of another small, electronegative atom

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Diffusion

the phenomenon, when two or more compounds form a homogenous mixture by the disorganised motion and collisions of the particles

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Graham

the speed of the diffusion of the gases is inversely proportional with the square root of the density and molar mass

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Melting and freezing point

the temperature, where the vapour pressure of the solid and the liquid form of the compound equals (0,1 MPa = 101,3 kPa = 1 atm) at atmospheric pressure

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Boiling point

the temperature, where the pressure of saturated vapour of a liquid reaches the atmospheric pressure (0,1 MPa = 101,3 kPa = 1 atm)

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Viscosity (internal friction of liquids)

proportional with the shear force, that removes two unit surfaced liquid layer to a unit distance with a unit speed

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Surface tension

proportional with the energy that is necessary the increase the surface of the liquid with a unit

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Vapour pressure (tension)

saturated equilibrium vapor pressure in the space above the evaporating liquid. The vapour pressures of the liquids increase exponentially – dependently from the matter – with the increase of the temperature

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Distillation

the process when a liquid is evaporated on its boiling point, and its vapour condensates

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Liquid crystall

they form a transition from the liquids towards the crystalline compounds; they are liquids but own direction dependent physical properties→ digital displays; monitors; cell membrane (lipid double layer→ liquid – mosaic model)

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Unit cell

the smallest unit of a lattice, its periodic repetition forms the crystaline lattice

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Isomorphism

different compounds can be characterised with the same lattice structure

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Polymorphism

at chemical elements – allotropy: the same compound can form different crystalline lattice