APUSH AMSCO Chapter 2 and Jocz Chapter 2-3 Review

What type of colony was Rhode Island

Corporate Colony

Quaker

Members of religious society of friends, believed in equality of all men and women, nonviolence, resistance to military service. Believed religious authority found in people's soul and NOT in bible or other source. They were jailed and persecuted.

Royal colonies

Colonies controlled by British king through governors appointed by him and could veto power over colonial laws

proprietary colonies

colonies in which the proprietors (who obtained patents from king) named the governors, subject to the king's approval (Maryland, Pennsylvania, Delaware)

Chesapeake colonies

Made up of Virginia and Maryland; developed the beginnings of religious freedom, self-government, and chattel slavery of British colonies

Maryland Act of Toleration (1649)

Ordered by Lord Baltimore after a Protestant was made governor of Maryland at demand of large Protestant population. This act guaranteed religious freedom to all Christians (not jews, quakers, etc.)

halfway covenant

(1622) allowed partial membership rights to people not yet converted into Puritan church; lessened difference between the "elect" members and regular members; women soon made up larger portion of Puritan congregations

James Oglethorpe

founder and governor of Georgia colony. Ran tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden. Many colonist felt he was like a dictator and caused the colony to breakdown and Oglethorpe to lose position as governor.

New England Confederation

(1643) Formed to provide the defense of 4 New England Colonies (all except Rhode Island). Military alliance made up of 2 representatives from each colony. Intended to defend against native americans, ditch, french

Sir William Berkeley

Royal governor of Virginia who favored large plantation owners over supporting and protecting smaller farms from Indian raids, put down Bacon's rebellion in 1676. He advocated for economic diversification and promoted trade between colonists and Virginia Indians.

Mercantilism

an economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver by selling more goods than they bought. "colonies exist to enrich the mother colony"

Bacon's rebellion

Caused by the royal governor (Berkely) governing on behalf of plantation owners. Nathaniel Bacon led a rebellion against the government. Connections between a serious challenge to royal authority and the corresponding rise of slavery within colonies

Metacom; King Philip's War

War ended major American Indian resistance in New England (1675-76) thousands killed. Metacom - leader of , ordered Resistance against Puritans that were in his territory. Unlike Pequot war, had weapons. Fell apart when Metacom died

Salutary Neglect

England going through period of salutary neglect. England had own internal conflicts (civil war) so they were indifferent to colonies, some exceptions like navigation acts

Indentured servants

Early labor force of Virginia; people who could not afford passage to colonies became indentured servants. Another person would pay their passage, in exchange the indentured servant would serve that person for a set length of time (4-7 years) and then be free

Restoration colonies

King Charles' pay back to his supporters (restorers) w/ land in America. Included Carolinas, NY, NJ, PA. All restoration colonies started as proprietary colonies, king gave each colony to trusted individual, family, group

Dominion of New England

1686 - British government combined colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Connecticut into single province headed by royal governor (Andros) Dominion ended in 1692, when colonist revolted

headright system

Getting land if you paid for someone's journey to the colonies, ended up making the rich even richer, however; many indentured servants would die before living through the whole contract.

the Carolinas (Restoration Colony)

(1663) King Charles II granted eight nobles the Carolinas. In 1729 Carolinas split into two royal colonies. In South Carolina, the economy was based on the fur trade and growing food for West Indies, which led to plantations. In North Carolina, small tobacco farms and fewer plantations

Sir Edmund Andros

Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England.

Movement from indentured servants towards slavery

Rich landowners felt threatened by newly freed servants demand for land so they turned to African slaves as a more profitable and renewable source of labor and the shift from indentured servants to African slavery began.

rice plantations

Rice and indigo plantations, largely present in South Carolina, ran by African slaves, essentially running the southern colonies economy.

Glorious Revolution

Dominion of New England (1686) to increase royal control over colonies. Sir Edmond Andros enforced navigation acts and limited town meetings, all this ended with Glorious Revolution of 1688.

Roger Williams

Religious dissent, questioned Puritans. Called for separation of church and state, criticized treatment of Natives. He was banished from his colony and established Providence, RI w/ complete religious freedom.

tobacco farms

Tobacco was a poor man's crop and could be planted easily, producing marketable leaves within a year. Tobacco cultivation changed Virginia from a series of small farms and communities located in a compact area to sprawling colony composed of many large farms.

triangular trade

on first leg of three-part journey. European ships brought manufactured goods to Africa; on the second they transported African men, women, and children to Americas. On third they exported to Europe the sugar, rum, cotton, and tobacco produced by enslaved labor.

slave trade

The buying, transporting, and selling of Africans in the Americas. Trade of African peoples from Western Africa to the Americas.

Anne Hutchinson; antinominism

Another dissident who questioned Puritan authorities and believed in the idea that faith alone, not deeds, is necessary for salvation (antinominism). Was banished and her followers founded colony of Portsmouth (1638)

Middle passage

Direct trade between Brazil and Angola that didn't include European led. Traders referred to the Africa-Americas part of voyage as "middle passage" and term survived to denote Africans ordeal.

Pennsylvania and William Penn

(1681) Pennsylvania was founded by William Penn as a refuge for Quakers, "Holy experiment". A liberal colony with representative assembly. Treated natives fairly, religious freedom and toleration who extend rights to women.

John Withrop

1629, Puritan John Withrop got charter to establish Massachusetts Bay Colony. Goal was to be as a "city upon a hill". Religion was very important to New England colony (Harvard) but was reserved to only for Puritans. Church membership required for participation in politics. Two hall meeting - direct democracy.

William Bradford

Governor of Plymouth colony, a local naive leader, Squanto, helped colony survive early years "first thanksgiving"

Joint-stock company

a company made up of a group of shareholders. Each who invested some money in company and in turn received a share of company's profits.

House of Burgesses

first elected general assembly in the colonies, paving way for democratic society formed during the Revolution. After general assembly was established in Virginia, other colonies demanded for their own elected bodies of government.

Mayflower compact

Signed prior to arrival to Plymouth colony. It was agreement established basic government based on majority rule. It was the basis of self rule.

John Rolfe

One of the English settlers at Jamestown (married Pochontas) He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia.

Pocahontas

An American Indian princess who saved the life of John Smith and helped form more peaceful relations with the Powhatan and English when she married John Rolfe.

John Smith

A colonial leader who brought structure and stability to Jamestown during its starting years. He was a member of the governing council of Virginia and was chosen to replace the previous president in 1608. Smith credited with organizing trade with the Powhatan Confederacy and leading the colony through its roughest years.

Powhatan

Indians near Jamestown, fake kidnapped John Smith (to show peace) eventually would have problems with colonists. Helped give order and discipline to new colony through the "no work, no food" policy.

anglo-Powhatan wars

three wars fought between the English settlers of the Virginia colony and the Powhatan Confederacy in the early 17th century. First war start in 1610, ending peace with settlement in 1614. Another between 1622-32.

Differences between Separatists vs. Puritans

Puritans wanted to purify the church (mend it not end it), Pilgrims: Separatists wanted to separate from the Anglican church which was in England, they sought to establish the Plymouth colony.

who founded Rhode Island and why?

Roger Williams, Dissidents who questioned religious teachings of Puritans in Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Colonies and were banished from these settlements.

Roger Williams and his relation to Rhode Island

Roger Williams was a respected Puritan minister but believed individual conscience was beyond control of church and was banished from bay colonies b/c conflict with other puritan leaders.

Roger Williams and his followers

founded Providence settlement (1636) and was unique b/c (1) recognized rights of Indians and paid them to use thier land (2) allowed catholics, quakers, and jews to worship freely. They also founded one of the first baptist churches (1644). Williams granted charter from Parliament to join Providence and Portsmouth into, Rhode Island

Chattel Slavery

most common form of slavery known to Americans. System allowed people - considered legal property - to be bought, sold, and owned forever. Was lawful and supported by US and European powers from the 16th - 18th centuries

Georgia: Last colony

Britain wanted buffer to protect South Carolina plantations from Spanish Florida, thousands of English people were being imprisoned for debt (instead of staying in prisons, sent to american colonies). Failed at first because of James Oglethorpe, strict regulations, and constant Spanish threat

What happened with Bacon Rebellion

Bacon and others resented economic and political control, 1676 conducted a series of raids and massacres against American Indian villages on the western front. Bacon's army defeated governor's forces and burned Jamestown, army collapsed after Bacon died.

Lasting legacy of Bacon's Rebellion

Highlighted 2 long-lasting disputes in Virginia (1) highlighted class differences between wealthy planters and poor/landless farmers. (2) Highlighted colonial resistance to royal control, problems continued on till next century while colonies became more prosperous and stable

Navigation Acts

1) trade carried only in English or colonial ships, 2) trade had to pass through English ports 3) certain enumerated goods from the colonies could be exported only to New England; Loose enforcement in the beginning -> smuggling a problem w/ french and dutch.

How does the Dominion of New England foreshadow colonial resistance during the American Revolution?

When King James II tried to combine NY, NJ, and other New England colonies to create the dominion of New England and then take away rights , there was protests. It foreshadows how the colonies, if felt treated unfairly, will resist and have power to be successful.

North Carolina

developed differently from south, Farmers from Virginia and New England established small, self-sufficient tobacco farms. Had few good harbors and poor transportation. compared to south, fewer larger plantations plus less reliance on slavery. 18th century, reputation for democratic views and autonomy from British control.

South Carolina

1670, few colonists from New England and some planters from island Barbados founded town named for king. initially, southern economy based on trading furs and providing food for West Indies. Middle of 18th century, large rice-growing plantations worked by enslaved Africans resembled economy and culture of west indies.