Chapter 7 - Oral Com

nonverbal communication

messages expressed without words, such as body movements, facial expressions, eye contact, tone of voice, and so on

expectancy violation

the proposition that nonverbal cues cause physical and/or emotional arousal, especially if they deviate from what is considered normal. people who consider a particular nonverbal violation to be positive may accommodate (respond similarly), but they are likely to compensate (respond with opposite or distancing behavior) if they find it unpleasant

affect displays

facial expressions, body movements, and vocal traits that reveal emotional states

emblems

deliberate gestures with precise meanings, known to virtually all members of a culture group

truth bias

the tendency to assume that others are being honest

deception bias

the tendency to assume that others are lying

kinesics

the study of body movements, facial expressions, gesture and posture

manipulators

movement in which a person grooms, massages, rubs, holds, pinches, picks, or otherwise manipulates an object or body part

affect blend

the combination of two or more expressions, each showing a different emotion

paralanguage

nonlinguistic means of vocal expression: rate, pitch, tone, and so on

disfluencies

vocal interruption such as stammering and use of “uh,” “ummmm",” and “er”

haptics

the study of touch

proxemics

the study of how people and animals use space

intimate distance

a distance between people that ranges from touching to about 18in; usually by those who are emotionally close

personal distance

a distance between people that ranges from 18in to about 4ft; common among most relational partners

social distance

a distance between people that ranges from 4-12ft; commonly used by people who work together or interact during sales interactions

public distance

a distance between people that exceeds 12ft; common in public speaking

territoriality

the tendency to claim spaces or things as one’s own, at least temporarily

chronemics

the study of how humans use and structure time

monochronic

the use of time that emphasizes punctuality, schedules, and completing one task at a time

polychronic

the use of time that emphasizes flexible schedules in which multiple tasks are pursued at the same time