BIO120 CH7.1-7.5

what is catabolism

reactions that break down molecules into smaller parts

what type reactions release energy 

catabolism

where is the energy stored that is released in catabolic reactions

in ATP molecules

what is an essential set of catabolic reactions in a cell

cellular respiration

what is cellular respiration

a series of catabolic reactions that convert energy stored in food into energy stored in ATP

does CR need oxygen or not to occur

with or without oxygen

carbs and lipids have a lot of what kind of energy in their bonds

potential

what molecules have a lot of potential energy in their bonds

carbs and lipids

what does the CR focus on

reactants

products

energy released

why is energy in glucose not all released at once

it would be released as heat and the cell can’t use it

how is energy stored in glucose (speed)

slowly/gradually (series of reactions)

how is ATP produced in CR

two ways

what is the shortest way for ATP to be produced in CR

Substrate level phosphorylation

what is substrate level phosphorylation

an organic molecule transfers a phosphate group directly to ADP to make it ATP

what is the longest way for ATP to be produced in CR

oxidative phosphorylation

what is oxygen phosphorylation

the process uses electron carriers rather than directly making ADP → ATP

how much of ATP is produced in substrate level phosphorylation if fuel is glucose

12%

what produces 12% of ATP if fuel is glucose

substrate phosphorylationw

what produces 88% of ATP if fuel is glucose

oxidative phosphorylation

where is the last chem energy of organic molecules transferred to

electron carriersw

which step yields the most energy

last step (oxidation phosphorylation)

what moves electrons from one set of reactions to another

electron carriers

in CR they transport electrons released during the catabolism of organic molecules to ________

electron support chain

what does the electron transport chain do

transfer electrons along a series of membrane associated proteins

electron support chains transfer electrons along a series of 

membrane associated proteins

where do electrons have to go and do to produce ATP

go to final electron acceptor and harness energy released

in which type of respiration is oxygen the final electron acceptor

aerobic

in aerobic respiration, what is the final electron acceptor

oxygen

in what do ETC harness energy from fuel molecules like glucose

respiration

in respiration, where do ETC harness energy from

fuel molecules like glucose

in what do ETC harness energy from sunlight

photosynthesis

in photosynthesis, where does ETC harness energy from

sunlight

chem reactions in which electrons are transferred between atoms called

oxidation reduction reaction

what is oxidation reduction reactions

chem reactions in which electrons are transferred between atoms

what is the loss of electrons

oxidation

what is oxidatoin

loss of electrons

what is reduction

gain of electrons

what is the gain of electrons

reduction

what are the two important electron carriers

NAD, FAD

what are NAD and FAD electron carriers in oxidized form

NAD+ and FAD

what are NAD and FAD electron carriers in reduced form

NADH and FADH2

when fuel molecules like glucose are _______, some steps are oxidation reaction

catabolizedw

when fuel molecules like glucose are catabolized, some steps are

oxidation reactoin

what is oxidation process coupled with

reduction process

how can reduced molecules be recognized

increase in C-H bonds

what are the four stages of CR

glycosis

pyruvate oxidation

citric acid cycle

oxidative phosphorylation

what is glycolysis

glucose is partially broken down to pyruvate and some energy is released (ATP)

what is pyruvate oxidation

pyruvate converted acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) and CO2 and electron carriers

what is pyruvate? (literally what is it)

breakdown product of glucose from glycolysis

what is the citric acid cycle

the acetyl group is oxidized to CO2 and energy is transferred to ATP and reduced electron carriers

what is oxidative phospholrylation

reduced electron carriers donate electrons to the respiratory ETC and ATP is produced

is each step one reaction?

no each step is multiple reactions

how is glucose oxidized (speed)

not oxidized all at once to CO2 but oxidized slowly

the amount of free energy changes throughout each step of what

catabolism of glucose

what happens to the the initial chem energy of glucose

becomes packaged into ATP molecules and electron carriers

when is ΔG greater?

in steps that generate reduced electron carriers than those that produce ATP directly

ΔG is greater in steps that ___________ than those that produce ATP directly

generate reduced electron carriers

what is glucose?

the most common fuel molecule for animals plants and microbes

what is the starting molecule for glycolysis

glucose

what results from glycolysis

the partial oxidation of glucose, synthesis of ATP, reduced electron carriers

what does glycolysis mean

splitting sugar

why does glycolysis mean splitting sugar

a 6 carbon sugar is split in 2 → 2× 3-carbon molecules

is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic

anaerobicw

why is glycolosis anaerobic

bc oxygen is not consumed in the reaction

when did the glycolysis process evolve?

before the presence of oxygen in earths atmosphere

how does glycolysis begin? simple version: _______ → _______

1 glycose → 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

how many chem reactions is glycolysis

10 chem reactionsh

how many phases is glycolysis

3 phases

which phase of glycolysis requires input of energy

phase one

what requires input of energy (endergonic or exergonic)

endergonic

what is endergonic

requires energy

what is exergonic

produces energy

to synthesize energy from phase 1 and provide phosphate group, what has to happend

two molecules of ATP are hydrolyzed per molecule of glucose

what is phase two of glycolysis

cleavage phase

a 6 carbon molecule is split into what

2× 3-carbon molecules

for every molecule of glucose, how many 3 carbon molecules enter phase 3

two 3 carbon molecules

what is produced in phase 3

ATP and NADH

what contributes to synthesis of ATP during oxidative phosphorylation

NADH

NADH contributes to what during oxidative phosphorylation

synthesis of ATP

what is produced in glycolysis: 1 molecule glucose → ______

2x pyruvate → 4x ATP 2x NADH

what is the net gain of ATP from glycolosis

2 ATP molecules

why is net gain of ATP from glycolysis only 2 ATP

bc two ATP needed to fuel reaction

what type of energy is in pyruvate bonds

chem energy

what can happen to pyruvate to release more energy

oxidized

what does further oxidization of pyruvate cause

more release of energy

what is pyruvate converted to

acetyl-CoA

where does pyruvate oxidation take place in eukaryotes

mitochondriaw

in what type of cell is pyruvate oxidation taking place in mitochondria

eukaryotes

where is pyruvate transported into to be converted into acetyl-CoA

mitochondrial matrix

why is pyruvate transported into mitochondrial matrix

to be converted to acetyl-CoA

where is the mitochondrial matrix

area inside inner membrane and folds of mitochondria

part of pyruvate molecule is oxidized and splits to form …?

CO2

what has to happen to pyruvate molecule to split to form CO2

oxidized

electrons lost are donated to which molecule which is then reduced to which molecule

NAD+, NADH

where does the remaining part of pyruvate go

transferred to coenzyme A

what is CoA

a molecule that carries remaining pyruvate to next step in CR

what is the remaining part of pyruvate?

part of acetal group

what does the pyruvate reaction yield (two pyruvate per one glucose)

1x2 acetyl-CoA, 1x2 CO2, 1x2 NADH

oxidation of glucose during first three stages of CR results in production of ?

NADH and FADH2

what happens to glucose during first three stages of CR to result in production of NADH and FADH2

it is oxidized